Table 4 Descriptive statistics Variable...

Table 4

Descriptive statistics

Variable	Mean	Median	SD	25th percentile	75th percentile
ESG Score	46.301	47.68	21.495	28.965	63.32
Environmental Score	45.315	48.07	28.103	20.81	69.205
Social Score	43.849	43.63	25.202	22.72	64.46
Governance Score	51.057	51.6	22.732	32.87	69.75
Board Size	10.35	10	3.743	8	12
Board Independence	40.093	37.5	22.533	25	55.56
Gender Diversity	9.769	8.33	11.299	0	15.38
Board Transparency	0.39	0	0.488	0	1
CEO Duality	0.29	0	0.454	0	1
Board Skills Disclosure	0.92	1	0.271	1	1
State Ownership	0.073	0	0.260	0	0
Age	24.968	23	12.671	15	36
Size	15.825	15.793	1.826	14.768	16.878
Leverage	95.255	52.96	131.140	18.375	116.405

Variable	Mean	Median	SD	25th percentile	75th percentile
ESG Score	46.301	47.68	21.495	28.965	63.32
Environmental Score	45.315	48.07	28.103	20.81	69.205
Social Score	43.849	43.63	25.202	22.72	64.46
Governance Score	51.057	51.6	22.732	32.87	69.75
Board Size	10.35	10	3.743	8	12
Board Independence	40.093	37.5	22.533	25	55.56
Gender Diversity	9.769	8.33	11.299	0	15.38
Board Transparency	0.39	0	0.488	0	1
CEO Duality	0.29	0	0.454	0	1
Board Skills Disclosure	0.92	1	0.271	1	1
State Ownership	0.073	0	0.260	0	0
Age	24.968	23	12.671	15	36
Size	15.825	15.793	1.826	14.768	16.878
Leverage	95.255	52.96	131.140	18.375	116.405

Note(s): Percentage variables (Board Independence, Gender Diversity) are on a 0–100 scale; dummy variables are coded 0/1; Size is the natural logarithm of total assets; Leverage is expressed as a percentage. For variable definitions, measurement, and expected signs see Table 2

Source(s): Calculated by authors

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