Table 1

Measurement constructs and sources

VariableMeasurementScaleSource(s) of variables and measurement constructs
Social Media Marketing ActivitiesFrequency of social media posts5-point Likert scale (1–5)Koay et al. (2020), Lim et al. (2020) 
Engagement metrics5-point Likert scale (1–5)Nguyen et al. (2021), Lim et al. (2020) 
Brand PerformanceBrand awareness5-point Likert scale (1–5)Koay et al. (2020), Mourad et al. (2020), Lau and Lee (1999), Aaker’s (1996) 
Brand loyalty5-point Likert scale (1–5)Muller and Peres (2019), Lau and Lee (1999), Aaker’s (1996) 
Brand image5-point Likert scale (1–5)Li et al. (2023), Mourad et al. (2020), Lau and Lee (1999), Aaker’s (1996) 
Social Media Content Management
  • Surveillance and oversight of content shared

  • Action for Harmful Posted Content

5-point Likert scale (1–5)Kent and Li (2020), Erdoğmuş and Cicek (2012), Maresova et al. (2020), Fischman (2023) 

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