Table 4.

Maximum packing fraction ϕm, from Pal (2008) 

Shape of particlesType of packingϕm
SpheresFace-oriented cubic0.7405
 Face-oriented cubic0.7405
 Hexagonal close0.6
 Body-centered cubic0.524
 Random close0.637
 Random loose0.601
Randomly oriented rodsUniaxial hexagonal close0.907
 Uniaxial simple cubic0.785
 Uniaxial random0.82
 Three dimensional random0.52
Source: Table created by authors
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