Table 1 Themes: reasons for information...

Table 1

Themes: reasons for information gaps and strategies to bridge the information gap

Reasons for information gaps
^R1 Gaps in the information itself	Missing information
	Assuming information
	Non-availability of information in a timely manner
	Different levels of information quality
	Uncertainties
^R2 Knowledge gap	Lack of up-to-date knowledge of the design team about CW minimization methods
	Lack of technical knowledge from the design team leading to sharing wrong information
	Lack of awareness of the design team regarding the benefits of CW minimization
	Design team members’ limited awareness of important information-sharing platforms
^R3 Technical issues	Issues with accessing information-sharing platforms due to lack of training and knowledgeability
^R3 Technical issues	The differences between the formats of the information and issues of compatibility of platforms in terms of sharing information
^R4 Issues of defining the roles and duties of the design team	Lack of support from the parties of the design team for planning, and managing the duties in the information-sharing process
	Lack of clarity on roles and information-sharing responsibilities of the design team members
	Conflicts within the design team
^R5 Time pressure	Compromising the information quality and process of information sharing
^R5 Time pressure	Limited time allocated for the decision-making process
^R6 Lack of/issues of collaboration of the design team with other stakeholders	Limiting/restricting information sharing opportunities because of representing organization rules and ethics
	Reluctance of the design team members to share information with other parties
	Collaboration issues with other stakeholders (eg: CW handlers, CW minimization experts, client, suppliers)
	Intervention of the client results in too many designs changes
	Lack of collaboration with suppliers (affects making decisions on material: availability, supply quantities, composition, new arrivals)
	Lack of supportiveness from the organizations to allocate funding to collaborative information-sharing platforms
^R7 Having no contractual obligation to share information within consultancy agreements	No design team member is bound by an agreement to share information (only share information with mutual understanding)
Strategies to bridge the information gaps
^S1 Improving the decision-making process to allow the inclusion of opinions from CW expertise/stakeholder perspectives	Following an effective decision-making process to select the best from the options
	Create an environment to share team members’ previous experiences on CW minimization
	Define the time frame for the design stage decision-making process
^S2 Outsourcing CW-related specialists to share CW statistics for building projects	Enhance the collaboration with CW management companies
^S3 Defining stakeholder engagement	Develop practice guidelines for design team members to define responsibilities in the design stage CW minimization
^S3 Defining stakeholder engagement	Clear assignment of roles
^S4 Initiating government incentives for projects practising CW minimization	Motivation to achieve CW minimization goals
^S5 Introducing user-friendly information management and sharing systems	Invest in and improve a wide range of information technology systems to work collaboratively
	Train professionals to be familiar with modern information-sharing platforms
	Conducting awareness programmes to highlight the benefits of CW minimization and the importance of information sharing toward that
	Provide accessibility to industry collaborative information platforms/published research outcomes databases to update the knowledge on CW minimization
^S6 Improving the information flow	Establishing a mechanism to transfer the feedback/experiences from the actual CW waste handlers
	Involving/engaging suppliers at the design stage by selecting a suitable procurement strategy to obtain valuable information to improve the decision-making process for minimizing CW
	Establish procedures to verify the accuracy of information sharing among the design team
^S7 Design improvements	Standardization of design to improve buildability
	Increased use of off-site prefabrication to control waste and damage
	Avoid over-specification of materials to ensure fewer difficulties in sourcing
^S8 Alliancing and collaboration	Having an idea of supplier flexibility in supplying materials (e.g. in providing smaller quantities of materials)
^S8 Alliancing and collaboration	Educate clients about measures to reduce waste levels
^S9 Contractual aspects	Formalise contractual clauses of the design team members to enhance collaboration within the design team

Reasons for information gaps
^R1 Gaps in the information itself	Missing information
	Assuming information
	Non-availability of information in a timely manner
	Different levels of information quality
	Uncertainties
^R2 Knowledge gap	Lack of up-to-date knowledge of the design team about CW minimization methods
	Lack of technical knowledge from the design team leading to sharing wrong information
	Lack of awareness of the design team regarding the benefits of CW minimization
	Design team members’ limited awareness of important information-sharing platforms
^R3 Technical issues	Issues with accessing information-sharing platforms due to lack of training and knowledgeability
^R3 Technical issues	The differences between the formats of the information and issues of compatibility of platforms in terms of sharing information
^R4 Issues of defining the roles and duties of the design team	Lack of support from the parties of the design team for planning, and managing the duties in the information-sharing process
	Lack of clarity on roles and information-sharing responsibilities of the design team members
	Conflicts within the design team
^R5 Time pressure	Compromising the information quality and process of information sharing
^R5 Time pressure	Limited time allocated for the decision-making process
^R6 Lack of/issues of collaboration of the design team with other stakeholders	Limiting/restricting information sharing opportunities because of representing organization rules and ethics
	Reluctance of the design team members to share information with other parties
	Collaboration issues with other stakeholders (eg: CW handlers, CW minimization experts, client, suppliers)
	Intervention of the client results in too many designs changes
	Lack of collaboration with suppliers (affects making decisions on material: availability, supply quantities, composition, new arrivals)
	Lack of supportiveness from the organizations to allocate funding to collaborative information-sharing platforms
^R7 Having no contractual obligation to share information within consultancy agreements	No design team member is bound by an agreement to share information (only share information with mutual understanding)
Strategies to bridge the information gaps
^S1 Improving the decision-making process to allow the inclusion of opinions from CW expertise/stakeholder perspectives	Following an effective decision-making process to select the best from the options
	Create an environment to share team members’ previous experiences on CW minimization
	Define the time frame for the design stage decision-making process
^S2 Outsourcing CW-related specialists to share CW statistics for building projects	Enhance the collaboration with CW management companies
^S3 Defining stakeholder engagement	Develop practice guidelines for design team members to define responsibilities in the design stage CW minimization
^S3 Defining stakeholder engagement	Clear assignment of roles
^S4 Initiating government incentives for projects practising CW minimization	Motivation to achieve CW minimization goals
^S5 Introducing user-friendly information management and sharing systems	Invest in and improve a wide range of information technology systems to work collaboratively
	Train professionals to be familiar with modern information-sharing platforms
	Conducting awareness programmes to highlight the benefits of CW minimization and the importance of information sharing toward that
	Provide accessibility to industry collaborative information platforms/published research outcomes databases to update the knowledge on CW minimization
^S6 Improving the information flow	Establishing a mechanism to transfer the feedback/experiences from the actual CW waste handlers
	Involving/engaging suppliers at the design stage by selecting a suitable procurement strategy to obtain valuable information to improve the decision-making process for minimizing CW
	Establish procedures to verify the accuracy of information sharing among the design team
^S7 Design improvements	Standardization of design to improve buildability
	Increased use of off-site prefabrication to control waste and damage
	Avoid over-specification of materials to ensure fewer difficulties in sourcing
^S8 Alliancing and collaboration	Having an idea of supplier flexibility in supplying materials (e.g. in providing smaller quantities of materials)
^S8 Alliancing and collaboration	Educate clients about measures to reduce waste levels
^S9 Contractual aspects	Formalise contractual clauses of the design team members to enhance collaboration within the design team

Source(s): (Ajayi et al., 2017 ^{R2, R7}; Akinade et al., 2018 ^{S3, S4, S5, S6}; Hamzeh et al., 2017 ^{S2, S4, S7, S9}; Pirzadeh et al., 2020 ^{R1, R3, R7}; Porwal et al., 2020 ^{R2, R4, R5, R6}; Tan et al., 2021^{S1, S2, S4, S6}; Vo-tran and Kanjanabootra, 2013 ^{S4, S7, S8, S9}; Wijewickrama et al., 2021 ^{R1, R3, R5, R6, R7}; Wijewickrama et al., 2021a ^{R3, R4, R6})

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