Table 4

Regression results when audit cost is proxied by audit fees

(1)(2)(3)
VariableslnAudfeeslnAudfeeslnAudfees
L.lnAudfees0.531***0.545***0.518***
(0.196)(0.165)(0.136)
CDSTrade0.185***0.201***−0.194
(0.0535)(0.0690)(0.139)
protection −0.369−0.128
 (0.854)(0.398)
cdsprot  0.439***
  (0.154)
WSPTB−0.00118***−0.00136**−0.00137***
(0.000365)(0.000545)(0.000452)
lnTA0.311**0.286**0.311***
(0.147)(0.136)(0.110)
ROA0.364**0.415**0.347*
(0.158)(0.196)(0.183)
InvRec2TA−0.200−0.349−0.317
(0.275)(0.405)(0.361)
FS2TSales0.00388***0.00323**0.00339**
(0.00140)(0.00126)(0.00147)
STCredMon0.01610.01100.0166
(0.0475)(0.0515)(0.0490)
Lev0.450**0.492**0.425*
(0.200)(0.248)(0.234)
OCF2TA−0.335***−0.353***−0.347***
(0.114)(0.125)(0.118)
big_50.3080.3050.417
(0.352)(0.437)(0.475)
economyclass0.09410.3740.359
(0.731)(0.824)(0.773)
Constant−2.594*−2.304*−2.771**
(1.354)(1.395)(1.210)
AR(1)0.0010.0000.000
AR(2)0.1040.1180.103
Hansen OIR0.1700.2440.257
DHT for Instruments   
GMM Instruments for levels   
H excluding group0.1390.2220.218
Diff(null, H = exogenous)0.9610.4580.821
Fisher1002.29***950.53***1506.21***
Instruments423742
Observations4,7734,6684,668
Number of Firms344343343

Note(s): Variable names are as defined in Table 1 

Source(s): By Author based on data taken from World scope, Markit, and World Bank

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