Table 5

Regression results when audit cost is proxied by the ratio of audit fees to sales

(4)(5)(6)
VariableslnAudF2SaleslnAudF2SaleslnAudF2Sales
L.lnAudF2Sales0.265***0.276**0.278**
(0.0856)(0.127)(0.127)
CDSTrade0.220***0.212***−0.745
(0.0848)(0.0716)(1.084)
protection −0.529−0.561
 (1.535)(1.407)
cdsprot  1.062
  (1.198)
WSPTB−0.00123**−0.00160**−0.00176**
(0.000516)(0.000818)(0.000832)
lnTA−0.142**−0.162***−0.167***
(0.0555)(0.0534)(0.0546)
ROA0.478*0.3000.279
(0.285)(0.346)(0.341)
InvRec2TA−1.286***−1.512***−1.643***
(0.337)(0.587)(0.529)
FS2TSales0.0213***0.0204***0.0198***
(0.00677)(0.00596)(0.00654)
STCredMon−0.006110.01730.00436
(0.0597)(0.0833)(0.0733)
Lev0.633*0.4120.389
(0.364)(0.410)(0.412)
OCF2TA−0.651***−0.660***−0.701***
(0.177)(0.173)(0.181)
big_50.4760.5480.576
(0.511)(1.126)(1.047)
economyclass−0.501−0.300−0.500
(1.200)(1.068)(0.987)
Constant−3.715***−3.137*−2.859*
(1.210)(1.615)(1.631)
AR(1)0.0000.0010.001
AR(2)0.2090.2080.198
Hansen OIR0.7330.7020.794
DHT for Instruments   
GMM Instruments for levels   
H excluding group0.7030.8140.797
Diff(null, H = exogenous)0.5230.1040.339
Fisher44992.09***42903.70***43334.86***
Instruments343233
Observations4,7734,6684,668
Number of Firms344343343

Note(s): Variable names are as defined in Table 1 

Source(s): By Author based on data taken from World scope, Markit, and World Bank

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