Table 5 Panel B: Robustness tests... | Emerald Publishing

Table 5

Panel B: Robustness tests

Robustness test	Alternative specification	ICT investment coefficient (SE)	E-commerce adoption coefficient (SE)	Hansen J-test p-value	AR(2) p-value
Lag Structure Sensitivity	Two lags instead of one lag	0.270 (0.110)	0.081 (0.032)	0.390	0.155
Estimator Comparison	One-step system GMM	0.266 (0.115)	0.078 (0.033)	0.400	0.160
Instrument Sensitivity	Limited instrument count	0.272 (0.108)	0.082 (0.030)	0.395	0.150
Sub-sample Analysis (EU)	European Union sample only	0.280 (0.105)	0.085 (0.029)	0.380	0.148
Sub-sample Analysis (SEA)	Southeast Asian sample only	0.265 (0.109)	0.079 (0.031)	0.410	0.162
Control Variable Specification	Excluding GDP per Capita (and other controls individually)	0.275 (0.108)	0.083 (0.031)	0.387	0.151

Robustness test	Alternative specification	ICT investment coefficient (SE)	E-commerce adoption coefficient (SE)	Hansen J-test p-value	AR(2) p-value
Lag Structure Sensitivity	Two lags instead of one lag	0.270 (0.110)	0.081 (0.032)	0.390	0.155
Estimator Comparison	One-step system GMM	0.266 (0.115)	0.078 (0.033)	0.400	0.160
Instrument Sensitivity	Limited instrument count	0.272 (0.108)	0.082 (0.030)	0.395	0.150
Sub-sample Analysis (EU)	European Union sample only	0.280 (0.105)	0.085 (0.029)	0.380	0.148
Sub-sample Analysis (SEA)	Southeast Asian sample only	0.265 (0.109)	0.079 (0.031)	0.410	0.162
Control Variable Specification	Excluding GDP per Capita (and other controls individually)	0.275 (0.108)	0.083 (0.031)	0.387	0.151

Note(s): SE = Standard Error

Source(s): Created by authors