Malmquist productivity index decomposition
| Country | Mean TFP change | Mean efficiency change | Mean technological change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 1.027 | 1.009 | 1.018 |
| Belgium | 1.023 | 1.010 | 1.013 |
| Bulgaria | 1.016 | 1.006 | 1.010 |
| Croatia | 1.014 | 1.007 | 1.007 |
| Cyprus | 1.018 | 1.008 | 1.010 |
| Czech Republic | 1.019 | 1.009 | 1.010 |
| Denmark | 1.031 | 1.015 | 1.016 |
| Estonia | 1.023 | 1.011 | 1.012 |
| Finland | 1.028 | 1.012 | 1.016 |
| France | 1.022 | 1.010 | 1.012 |
| Germany | 1.026 | 1.011 | 1.015 |
| Greece | 1.009 | 1.004 | 1.005 |
| Hungary | 1.011 | 1.006 | 1.005 |
| Ireland | 1.033 | 1.015 | 1.018 |
| Italy | 1.017 | 1.008 | 1.009 |
| Latvia | 1.013 | 1.005 | 1.008 |
| Lithuania | 1.015 | 1.007 | 1.008 |
| Luxembourg | 1.031 | 1.013 | 1.018 |
| Malta | 1.021 | 1.010 | 1.011 |
| Netherlands | 1.029 | 1.014 | 1.015 |
| Poland | 1.018 | 1.008 | 1.010 |
| Portugal | 1.022 | 1.010 | 1.012 |
| Romania | 1.010 | 1.003 | 1.007 |
| Slovakia | 1.013 | 1.005 | 1.008 |
| Slovenia | 1.019 | 1.009 | 1.010 |
| Spain | 1.021 | 1.009 | 1.012 |
| Sweden | 1.034 | 1.017 | 1.017 |
| Brunei | 1.012 | 1.005 | 1.007 |
| Cambodia | 1.005 | 1.002 | 1.003 |
| Indonesia | 1.009 | 1.004 | 1.005 |
| Laos | 1.003 | 1.001 | 1.002 |
| Malaysia | 1.016 | 1.007 | 1.009 |
| Myanmar | 1.001 | 0.999 | 1.002 |
| Philippines | 1.004 | 1.002 | 1.002 |
| Singapore | 1.033 | 1.016 | 1.017 |
| Thailand | 1.010 | 1.004 | 1.006 |
| Timor-Leste | 1.002 | 1.001 | 1.001 |
| Vietnam | 1.007 | 1.003 | 1.004 |
| Country | Mean TFP change | Mean efficiency change | Mean technological change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 1.027 | 1.009 | 1.018 |
| Belgium | 1.023 | 1.010 | 1.013 |
| Bulgaria | 1.016 | 1.006 | 1.010 |
| Croatia | 1.014 | 1.007 | 1.007 |
| Cyprus | 1.018 | 1.008 | 1.010 |
| Czech Republic | 1.019 | 1.009 | 1.010 |
| Denmark | 1.031 | 1.015 | 1.016 |
| Estonia | 1.023 | 1.011 | 1.012 |
| Finland | 1.028 | 1.012 | 1.016 |
| France | 1.022 | 1.010 | 1.012 |
| Germany | 1.026 | 1.011 | 1.015 |
| Greece | 1.009 | 1.004 | 1.005 |
| Hungary | 1.011 | 1.006 | 1.005 |
| Ireland | 1.033 | 1.015 | 1.018 |
| Italy | 1.017 | 1.008 | 1.009 |
| Latvia | 1.013 | 1.005 | 1.008 |
| Lithuania | 1.015 | 1.007 | 1.008 |
| Luxembourg | 1.031 | 1.013 | 1.018 |
| Malta | 1.021 | 1.010 | 1.011 |
| Netherlands | 1.029 | 1.014 | 1.015 |
| Poland | 1.018 | 1.008 | 1.010 |
| Portugal | 1.022 | 1.010 | 1.012 |
| Romania | 1.010 | 1.003 | 1.007 |
| Slovakia | 1.013 | 1.005 | 1.008 |
| Slovenia | 1.019 | 1.009 | 1.010 |
| Spain | 1.021 | 1.009 | 1.012 |
| Sweden | 1.034 | 1.017 | 1.017 |
| Brunei | 1.012 | 1.005 | 1.007 |
| Cambodia | 1.005 | 1.002 | 1.003 |
| Indonesia | 1.009 | 1.004 | 1.005 |
| Laos | 1.003 | 1.001 | 1.002 |
| Malaysia | 1.016 | 1.007 | 1.009 |
| Myanmar | 1.001 | 0.999 | 1.002 |
| Philippines | 1.004 | 1.002 | 1.002 |
| Singapore | 1.033 | 1.016 | 1.017 |
| Thailand | 1.010 | 1.004 | 1.006 |
| Timor-Leste | 1.002 | 1.001 | 1.001 |
| Vietnam | 1.007 | 1.003 | 1.004 |
Note(s): TFP Change greater than 1.0 denotes overall productivity improvement. The decomposition of TFP into efficiency and technological changes corroborates the regression findings: countries with strong digital investments and institutional support (reflected in higher DEA scores) generally experience more pronounced TFP gains, which is consistent with the improved labour market outcomes observed in Models 2 and 3
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