Table 1 Perspectives integrated into...

Table 1

Perspectives integrated into transformative leadership according to Caldwell et al. (2012)

Perspective	Elements
Transformational leadership	• Pursues the synergistic interests of both individual employees and the organization • Focuses on long-term wealth creation and maximizing employee commitment and trust • Ethical foundation is a commitment to the welfare of the organization, employees, and society
Charismatic leadership	• Creates a compelling morally-based personal relationship and connection with followers • Inspires followers to transcend self-interest and commit to a shared vision and purpose • Ethical foundation is virtue-based, focused on core principles and pursuing noble objectives
Level 5 leadership	• Combines personal humility with a relentless resolve to achieve great things • Gives credit for successes to others but takes personal responsibility for failures • Ethical foundation is outcome-based, focused on achieving the best possible results
Principle-centered leadership	• Grounds leadership in universal principles and values • Views leadership as an ethical obligation to benefit society • Ethical foundation is virtue-based, focused on identifying and adhering to correct principles
Servant leadership	• Focuses on serving followers and stakeholders over self-interest • Demonstrates authentic concern for the welfare, growth, and wholeness of others • Ethical foundation is an ethic of care that seeks the best interests of each individual
Covenantal leadership	• Partners with followers to create new insights and meaning • Constantly pursues truth through learning and provides a learning culture • Ethical foundation is truth-based, focused on increasing understanding to benefit society

Perspective	Elements
Transformational leadership	• Pursues the synergistic interests of both individual employees and the organization • Focuses on long-term wealth creation and maximizing employee commitment and trust • Ethical foundation is a commitment to the welfare of the organization, employees, and society
Charismatic leadership	• Creates a compelling morally-based personal relationship and connection with followers • Inspires followers to transcend self-interest and commit to a shared vision and purpose • Ethical foundation is virtue-based, focused on core principles and pursuing noble objectives
Level 5 leadership	• Combines personal humility with a relentless resolve to achieve great things • Gives credit for successes to others but takes personal responsibility for failures • Ethical foundation is outcome-based, focused on achieving the best possible results
Principle-centered leadership	• Grounds leadership in universal principles and values • Views leadership as an ethical obligation to benefit society • Ethical foundation is virtue-based, focused on identifying and adhering to correct principles
Servant leadership	• Focuses on serving followers and stakeholders over self-interest • Demonstrates authentic concern for the welfare, growth, and wholeness of others • Ethical foundation is an ethic of care that seeks the best interests of each individual
Covenantal leadership	• Partners with followers to create new insights and meaning • Constantly pursues truth through learning and provides a learning culture • Ethical foundation is truth-based, focused on increasing understanding to benefit society

Source(s): Table by authors based on tenets outlined in Caldwell et al.’s (2012) article, “Transformative leadership: Achieving unparalleled excellence”

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