Direct relationship regression result
| Variable | Expected sign | Coefficient | Std. Err | T-statistic | Prob. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP | + | 0.188 | 0.028 | 6.610 | 0.000 |
| SIZE | + | 0.003 | 0.001 | 2.770 | 0.003 |
| ROA | + | 0.143 | 0.029 | 4.940 | 0.000 |
| LEV | + | 0.018 | 0.009 | 2.000 | 0.023 |
| GROWTH | + | 0.009 | 0.004 | 1.990 | 0.024 |
| BETA | – | −0.002 | 0.004 | −0.620 | 0.268 |
| BIG4 | + | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.482 |
| BOARD | – | −0.002 | 0.008 | −0.240 | 0.405 |
| INDEP | + | 0.029 | 0.027 | 1.070 | 0.142 |
| FIRMAGE | – | −0.004 | 0.005 | −0.850 | 0.199 |
| CONS | −0.076 | 0.033 | −2.320 | 0.011 | |
| F-statistics | 18.57 | 0.000 | |||
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.044 |
| Variable | Expected sign | Coefficient | Std. Err | Prob. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP | + | 0.188 | 0.028 | 6.610 | 0.000 |
| SIZE | + | 0.003 | 0.001 | 2.770 | 0.003 |
| ROA | + | 0.143 | 0.029 | 4.940 | 0.000 |
| LEV | + | 0.018 | 0.009 | 2.000 | 0.023 |
| GROWTH | + | 0.009 | 0.004 | 1.990 | 0.024 |
| BETA | – | −0.002 | 0.004 | −0.620 | 0.268 |
| BIG4 | + | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.482 |
| BOARD | – | −0.002 | 0.008 | −0.240 | 0.405 |
| INDEP | + | 0.029 | 0.027 | 1.070 | 0.142 |
| FIRMAGE | – | −0.004 | 0.005 | −0.850 | 0.199 |
| CONS | −0.076 | 0.033 | −2.320 | 0.011 | |
| 18.57 | 0.000 | ||||
| Adjusted | 0.044 |
Source(s): Authors' own work
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