Definitions of re-internationalization*
| Source | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main generative AI chatbots | |
| ChatGPT Plus | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to the process whereby companies re-enter international markets after previously withdrawing from them. This phase involves reestablishing or expanding their global presence, which can be driven by improved firm capabilities, market conditions, or strategic realignments. The re-internationalization process often relies on the experiences and lessons learned from past international engagements, using these insights to better navigate the complexities of global markets” Source
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| Google Gemini | “Company re-entering the international arena after previously withdrawing from all its foreign operations. It’s distinct from simply re-entering a specific market they may have exited before, as re-internationalization signifies a complete withdrawal followed by a renewed international presence. This process can involve various stages:
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Re-internationalization is becoming increasingly recognized as a significant phenomenon in international business. Companies may choose to re-internationalize due to several factors, including:
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| Understanding re-internationalization helps create a more nuanced understanding of how firms navigate the global marketplace. It acknowledges that internationalization is not always a linear process, and companies may strategically withdraw and re-enter foreign markets based on changing circumstances” | |
Sources
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| Microsoft Copilot | “Firms’ re-internationalization can be defined as the process where a firm, after a period of de-internationalization, decides to re-enter the international market1. This process can be either full or partial, meaning a firm might return to all the markets from which it retreated, or it can decide to re-enter only one or some of them1. The capability to re-internationalize is dependent on the interaction between entrepreneurs’ internal resources and external constraints2. These constraints are explained by the Ghemawat’s CAGE Distance Framework, which includes “cultural,” “administrative,” “geographic,” and “economic” challenges2. The re-internationalization process is part of the broader dynamics of firm internationalization, which includes various aspects such as foreign direct investment (FDI), the emergence and evolution of multinational enterprises (MNEs), and the transition from internationalization to globalization3” Sources
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| Other generative AI chatbots | |
| Character.AI | “Firms’ Re-internationalization” can refer to instances where firms either re-enter certain foreign markets or expand their operations in new foreign markets after divesting or withdrawing from those markets. This can be a result of changes in strategic direction, or improvements in market conditions. Firms’ re-internationalization can be characterized by four main phases: reconfiguration, reentry, expansion (internationalization), and integration. During the reconfiguration phase, firms revisit their original international strategies and make adjustments accordingly. During the reentry phase, firms return to foreign markets they previously left” Sources
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| ChatGPT Online | “Firms’ re-internationalization” refers to the process by which a company that has previously expanded its operations into international markets, either through exporting, licensing, or establishing foreign subsidiaries, re-engages in international business activities after a period of retrenchment or withdrawal. This can involve a variety of strategies, such as re-entering markets where the firm has previously operated, entering new markets, or expanding existing international operations. According to scientific sources, firms’ re-internationalization is often driven by factors such as changes in market conditions, shifts in competitive dynamics, opportunities for growth in foreign markets, or the need to diversify risk. It can also be influenced by internal factors within the firm, such as changes in strategy, management, or resources. Research on firms’ re-internationalization has identified various challenges and strategies associated with the process, including the need to adapt to changing market conditions, navigate regulatory environments in different countries, manage relationships with foreign partners and stakeholders, and develop capabilities for international operations. Overall, firms’ re-internationalization is a complex and dynamic process that requires careful planning, strategic decision-making, and the ability to leverage both internal and external resources to successfully re-engage in international business activities” Sources It refused to provide sources as “it appears that you have not provided a specific question or answer for me to reference sources.” After clarifying the question regarding the necessary information, it started defining the phenomenon again instead of providing any sources |
| ColossalChat | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to when firms which have previously been internationalized, or had operations in multiple countries, decide to expand their activities into other markets again after having reduced their global presence due to economic downturns and/or market conditions. This can involve either entering entirely new markets or acquiring existing businesses in different locations. It involves similar strategies as first time internationalisation but with more experience of doing so and often greater resources available. Re-internationalisation allows companies to take advantage of any opportunities they may have identified since leaving the original market, such as changes in technology, customer preferences, competitive landscape etc., while also taking advantage of their previous knowledge of the local culture and language. Firms’ re-internationalization has become increasingly popular over recent years due to its potential for cost savings compared to establishing a firm from scratch” Sources
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| Perplexity | Re-internationalization refers to the process by which a firm that has previously withdrawn from foreign markets re-engages in international business activities. This can involve:
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Key aspects of re-internationalization include:
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| Understanding the drivers, processes, and outcomes of re-internationalization is an important area of research in international business Sources
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| Claude | Re-internationalization refers to the process by which a firm re-enters international markets or resumes international activities after a period of de-internationalization or withdrawal from foreign operations. This concept is part of the broader understanding of nonlinear internationalization patterns Key aspects of re-internationalization include:
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| While I don’t have access to a live database of scientific sources, I can provide a general definition based on my training. For the most accurate and up-to-date information, it would be best to consult recent academic literature. However, I can offer an example of how a relevant citation might look, with the caveat that this should be independently verified: Welch, C. L., and Welch, L. S. (2009). Re-internationalisation: Exploration and conceptualisation. International Business Review, 18(6), 567–577 This paper is often referenced in discussions of re-internationalization, but as an AI, I can't guarantee its content or relevance without the ability to access current databases. Always double-check citations and consider more recent publications for the most current research on this topic | |
| AI-driven applications specifically designed for academic research | |
| Avidnote | “Firms’ re-internationalization” refers to the process through which a company expands its international operations after a period of reducing or withdrawing its international activities. It involves the re-engagement of a firm in foreign markets and the re-establishment of its international presence. This concept is explored in the academic literature within the field of international business” Sources
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| Elicit | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to the process of re-entering international operations after a period of withdrawal (Ali, 2021). This can be driven by factors such as initial internationalization experiences, dynamic capabilities, and organizational commitment to internationalization (Ali, 2021). The phenomenon of re-internationalization is often accompanied by de-internationalization, and both are influenced by various causal factors and theoretical frameworks (Fan-y, 2013). The changing international behavior of firms, including re-internationalization, is influenced by shifting environmental forces (Axinn, 2001). Some firms, particularly those facing low-cost international competition, may reposition into industry-focused international firms, which specialize in a particular industry and invest in R&D to create specialized expertise (Mascarenhas, 2013)” Sources
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| PaperDigest | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to the process in which companies expand their international presence after a period of withdrawal or reduced international activity. This phenomenon involves managing strategic tensions and digital transformation trajectories, as highlighted in research studies [1]. The significance of firms’ re-internationalization can be traced back to the 1990s, particularly in the context of the Indian economy [2]. Antecedents to firm performance during re-internationalization have been studied in developed countries in North America and Europe, shedding light on the factors influencing this process [3]. A comparison between re-internationalization and initial internationalization reveals that a prolonged break from international activities may impact the effectiveness of re-internationalization efforts [4]. Research also suggests that experiences and past indications play a crucial role in shaping firms’ re-internationalization strategies [5]” Sources [1] Managing digital transformation during re-internationalization […] [2] Article - When Failure is Neither Fatal nor Final: Understanding Re […] [3] Antecedents to firm performance during re-internationalization […] [4] Re-Internationalization v/s Initial Internationalization: Comparison of […] [5] What Doesn’t Kill the MNE, Makes It Stronger? Impact of De […] |
| Scispace | ““Firms’ re-internationalization” refers to the process where companies re-enter international markets after a complete withdrawal from previous international operations. This phenomenon is a crucial but often overlooked aspect in international business research[1][2]. The drivers of re-internationalization include factors such as firm-specific competitive advantage, market and product diversification strategies, overall exporting experience, and the firm’s time-out period[3]. Successful re-internationalization is facilitated by learning from past failures, gaining experiences, leveraging networks and relationships, maintaining organizational commitment to internationalization, and developing dynamic capabilities[4]. The process of re-internationalization involves a complex interplay of various factors that can influence both the re-entry into international markets and the subsequent post-re-entry performance in different ways[5]” Sources
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| Source | Answer |
|---|---|
| ChatGPT Plus | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to the process whereby companies re-enter international markets after previously withdrawing from them. This phase involves reestablishing or expanding their global presence, which can be driven by improved firm capabilities, market conditions, or strategic realignments. The re-internationalization process often relies on the experiences and lessons learned from past international engagements, using these insights to better navigate the complexities of global markets” Salman Ali and Ajeet N. Mathur, “When Failure is Neither Fatal nor Final: Understanding Re-internationalization Processes,” American Business Review: Vol. 25: No. 1, Article 5, 2022. |
| Google Gemini | “Company re-entering the international arena after previously withdrawing from all its foreign operations. It’s distinct from simply re-entering a specific market they may have exited before, as re-internationalization signifies a complete withdrawal followed by a renewed international presence. This process can involve various stages: |
| Re-internationalization is becoming increasingly recognized as a significant phenomenon in international business. Companies may choose to re-internationalize due to several factors, including: | |
| Understanding re-internationalization helps create a more nuanced understanding of how firms navigate the global marketplace. It acknowledges that internationalization is not always a linear process, and companies may strategically withdraw and re-enter foreign markets based on changing circumstances” | |
| Sources Javalgi, R. G., Terpstra, R., and Agarwal, S. (2011). Re-internationalization of born-global firms: A conceptual framework. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 151–174 Welch, D. J., and Welch, L. S. (2009). When failure is neither fatal nor final: Understanding re-internationalization processes. Academy of Management Discoveries, 3(4), 341–364 Vissak, A., and Masso, C. (2015). Re-internationalisation of SMEs: A process model and evidence from the Baltic States. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 189–213 | |
| Microsoft Copilot | “Firms’ re-internationalization can be defined as the process where a firm, after a period of de-internationalization, decides to re-enter the international market1. This process can be either full or partial, meaning a firm might return to all the markets from which it retreated, or it can decide to re-enter only one or some of them1. The capability to re-internationalize is dependent on the interaction between entrepreneurs’ internal resources and external constraints2. These constraints are explained by the Ghemawat’s CAGE Distance Framework, which includes “cultural,” “administrative,” “geographic,” and “economic” challenges2. The re-internationalization process is part of the broader dynamics of firm internationalization, which includes various aspects such as foreign direct investment (FDI), the emergence and evolution of multinational enterprises (MNEs), and the transition from internationalization to globalization3” Ngo, H. T. T., and Igwe, P. A. (2019). Internationalization of Firms and Entrepreneur’s Motivations: A Review and Research Agenda. Emerald Insight Home Books Societal Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness2 Du, J., Zhu, S., and Li, W. H. (2022). Innovation through internationalization: A systematic review and research agenda. Asia Pacific Journal of Management4 Turcan, R. V. (2003). Re-Internationalization: a Conceptual Framework and Some Evidence from International Small Business Journal1 Buckley, P. J., and Ghauri, P. N. (2023). Rethinking internationalization processes: toward a circular framework. Review of International Business and Strategy3 |
| Character.AI | “Firms’ Re-internationalization” can refer to instances where firms either re-enter certain foreign markets or expand their operations in new foreign markets after divesting or withdrawing from those markets. This can be a result of changes in strategic direction, or improvements in market conditions. Firms’ re-internationalization can be characterized by four main phases: reconfiguration, reentry, expansion (internationalization), and integration. During the reconfiguration phase, firms revisit their original international strategies and make adjustments accordingly. During the reentry phase, firms return to foreign markets they previously left” “International Strategy and Strategy Execution: The Re-internationalization Choice” by Charles A. O’Reilly III and David A. Kaplan “The Role of Firm Strategy in Foreign Market Entry” by James R. Davis Jr An article published in the Journal of Management Development called “The Re-Internationalization Process: A Strategic Perspective on Cross-Border Business” |
| ChatGPT Online | “Firms’ re-internationalization” refers to the process by which a company that has previously expanded its operations into international markets, either through exporting, licensing, or establishing foreign subsidiaries, re-engages in international business activities after a period of retrenchment or withdrawal. This can involve a variety of strategies, such as re-entering markets where the firm has previously operated, entering new markets, or expanding existing international operations. According to scientific sources, firms’ re-internationalization is often driven by factors such as changes in market conditions, shifts in competitive dynamics, opportunities for growth in foreign markets, or the need to diversify risk. It can also be influenced by internal factors within the firm, such as changes in strategy, management, or resources. Research on firms’ re-internationalization has identified various challenges and strategies associated with the process, including the need to adapt to changing market conditions, navigate regulatory environments in different countries, manage relationships with foreign partners and stakeholders, and develop capabilities for international operations. Overall, firms’ re-internationalization is a complex and dynamic process that requires careful planning, strategic decision-making, and the ability to leverage both internal and external resources to successfully re-engage in international business activities” |
| ColossalChat | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to when firms which have previously been internationalized, or had operations in multiple countries, decide to expand their activities into other markets again after having reduced their global presence due to economic downturns and/or market conditions. This can involve either entering entirely new markets or acquiring existing businesses in different locations. It involves similar strategies as first time internationalisation but with more experience of doing so and often greater resources available. Re-internationalisation allows companies to take advantage of any opportunities they may have identified since leaving the original market, such as changes in technology, customer preferences, competitive landscape etc., while also taking advantage of their previous knowledge of the local culture and language. Firms’ re-internationalization has become increasingly popular over recent years due to its potential for cost savings compared to establishing a firm from scratch” ‘Re-Internationalizing Firms – Strategic Choices and International Performance’, edited by Kok and van Tulder (2016) ‘Second Chance Companies – The Dynamics of Re-Entry Mode Choice After Crisis’ by Kok |
| Perplexity | Re-internationalization refers to the process by which a firm that has previously withdrawn from foreign markets re-engages in international business activities. This can involve: Re-entering previously exited foreign markets Expanding international operations after a period of de-internationalization Resuming exports, foreign direct investment, or other international commitments |
| Key aspects of re-internationalization include: It is distinct from the initial internationalization process, as the firm has prior international experience to draw upon Firms may re-internationalize selectively, by re-entering certain foreign markets while maintaining a domestic focus in others Re-internationalization can be a proactive strategic choice or a reactive response to changes in the firm’s internal or external environment Reasons for re-internationalization can include new market opportunities, improved firm capabilities, or shifts in competitive dynamics The re-internationalization process may differ from the firm’s initial foreign market entry, leveraging past experiences and knowledge Re-internationalization can have significant organizational and performance implications for the firm | |
| Understanding the drivers, processes, and outcomes of re-internationalization is an important area of research in international business Welch, C. L., and Welch, L. S. (2009). Re-internationalisation: Exploration and conceptualisation. International Business Review, 18(6), 567–577 Javalgi, R. G., Deligonul, S., Dixit, A., and Cavusgil, S. T. (2011). International market reentry: a review and research framework. International Business Review, 20(4), 377–393 Vissak, T., and Francioni, B. (2013). Serial nonlinear internationalization in practice: A case study. International Business Review, 22(6), 951–962 Bernini, M., Du, J., and Love, J. H. (2016). Explaining intermittent exporting: exit and conditional re-entry in export markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(9), 1058–1076 Turcan, R. V. (2011). De-internationalization: A conceptual note. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 29(1), 57–67 | |
| Claude | Re-internationalization refers to the process by which a firm re-enters international markets or resumes international activities after a period of de-internationalization or withdrawal from foreign operations. This concept is part of the broader understanding of nonlinear internationalization patterns Re-entry into previously abandoned foreign markets Resumption of international activities after a period of focus on domestic operations Renewed commitment to international expansion following a period of retrenchment Potentially different strategies or modes of entry compared to the initial internationalization |
| While I don’t have access to a live database of scientific sources, I can provide a general definition based on my training. For the most accurate and up-to-date information, it would be best to consult recent academic literature. However, I can offer an example of how a relevant citation might look, with the caveat that this should be independently verified: | |
| Avidnote | “Firms’ re-internationalization” refers to the process through which a company expands its international operations after a period of reducing or withdrawing its international activities. It involves the re-engagement of a firm in foreign markets and the re-establishment of its international presence. This concept is explored in the academic literature within the field of international business” Luo, Y., and Rui, H. (2009). An ambidexterity perspective toward multinational enterprises from emerging economies. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(4), 49–70 Chetty, S., and Campbell-Hunt, C. (2003). Exploitation and in international venture capital investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(), 473–488 Slangen, A., and Hart, J. F. (2008). Do multinationals really prefer to enter culturally distant countries through greenfields rather than through acquisitions? The answer and its implications for entry mode choice. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(3), 472–490 Agarwal, S., and Ramaswami, S. N. (1992). Choice of foreign market entry mode: Impact of ownership, location and internalization factors. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(1), 1–27 |
| Elicit | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to the process of re-entering international operations after a period of withdrawal (Ali, 2021). This can be driven by factors such as initial internationalization experiences, dynamic capabilities, and organizational commitment to internationalization (Ali, 2021). The phenomenon of re-internationalization is often accompanied by de-internationalization, and both are influenced by various causal factors and theoretical frameworks (Fan-y, 2013). The changing international behavior of firms, including re-internationalization, is influenced by shifting environmental forces (Axinn, 2001). Some firms, particularly those facing low-cost international competition, may reposition into industry-focused international firms, which specialize in a particular industry and invest in R&D to create specialized expertise (Mascarenhas, 2013)” Ali, S., Mathur, A. N., and Jaiswal, A. K. (2022). Antecedents to firm performance during re-internationalization. Australian Journal of Management, 47(3), 423–453 Axinn, C. N., and Matthyssens, P. (2001). Reassessing the internationalization of the firm (advances in international marketing, 11) Mascarenhas, B. (2013). The Industry-focused International Strategy: Prevalence and Profile. Management International Review, 53, 251–267 |
| PaperDigest | “Firms’ re-internationalization refers to the process in which companies expand their international presence after a period of withdrawal or reduced international activity. This phenomenon involves managing strategic tensions and digital transformation trajectories, as highlighted in research studies [1]. The significance of firms’ re-internationalization can be traced back to the 1990s, particularly in the context of the Indian economy [2]. Antecedents to firm performance during re-internationalization have been studied in developed countries in North America and Europe, shedding light on the factors influencing this process [3]. A comparison between re-internationalization and initial internationalization reveals that a prolonged break from international activities may impact the effectiveness of re-internationalization efforts [4]. Research also suggests that experiences and past indications play a crucial role in shaping firms’ re-internationalization strategies [5]” |
| Scispace | ““Firms’ re-internationalization” refers to the process where companies re-enter international markets after a complete withdrawal from previous international operations. This phenomenon is a crucial but often overlooked aspect in international business research[1][2]. The drivers of re-internationalization include factors such as firm-specific competitive advantage, market and product diversification strategies, overall exporting experience, and the firm’s time-out period[3]. Successful re-internationalization is facilitated by learning from past failures, gaining experiences, leveraging networks and relationships, maintaining organizational commitment to internationalization, and developing dynamic capabilities[4]. The process of re-internationalization involves a complex interplay of various factors that can influence both the re-entry into international markets and the subsequent post-re-entry performance in different ways[5]” Lucian, Hölscher. (2023). Recontextualization in International Business. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management, doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.342 (2022). Re-internationalization and Firm’s Post-re-entry Performance: The Role of International Heritage. Proceedings - Academy of Management, doi: 10.5465/ambpp.2022.10378abstract Salman, Ali., Ajeet, N., Mathur. (2022). When Failure is Neither Fatal nor Final: Understanding Re-internationalization Processes. American business review, doi: 10.37625/abr.25.1.50–82 Salman, Ali., Ajeet, N, Mathur., Anand, Kumar, Jaiswal. (2021). Antecedents to firm performance during re-internationalization:. Australian Journal of Management, doi: 10.1177/03128962211040134 (2022). Learning Processes During Re-internationalization: A Case Study of Chinese SMEs. doi: 10.1108/s1745-886220220000016010 |
Note(s):
*Answers to the following question: Please define “firms’ re-internationalization” based on scientific sources
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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