Manifest variables used in SEM
| Factor | Code | Measurement item |
|---|---|---|
| Resilience to shocks (VCRSH) | VCRSH1 | I am prepared to deal with natural shocks (e.g. landslides, floods and droughts) if they occur in the national park-adjacent community where I live or work |
| VCRSH2 | I have devised an emergency plan to deal with health-related shocks (illnesses and epidemics) if they occur in the national park-adjacent community where I live or work | |
| VCRSH3 | I can still find alternative sources of income amidst natural disasters and/or health-related epidemics if they occur in the national park-adjacent community where I live or work | |
| VCRSH4 | I have access to sufficient financial resources to ensure that I recover from the threats posed by natural disasters and/or health-related epidemics | |
| VCRSH5 | I regularly save money from my income to deal with financial crises | |
| Resilience to displacement risk (VCRD) | VCRD1 | I will receive adequate compensation to enable me to relocate in case I lose my property due to tourism-related development in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work |
| VCRD2 | I can easily find work opportunities if I am displaced from the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRD3 | I would still find a sense of belonging if I am displaced from the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRD4 | If displacement from the national park community where I live/work was to occur, my household would be able to draw on the support of family and friends to ensure that we recover | |
| Resilience to seasonality (VCRS) | VCRS1 | I can find alternative employment during the off-peak tourism seasons |
| VCRS2 | My household is prepared to cope with threats posed by climate changes in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRS4 | I am engaged in multiple income-generating activities to cater for seasonal changes in tourism (peak and off-peak seasons) in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRS5 | I can devise means of paying for basic utilities (water/electricity) in case of price fluctuations due to seasonal changes in tourism in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRS6 | I am able to buy food for my household even when there is less demand for tourism products in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| Sustainable livelihood outcomes (Improved well-being) (SLWB) | SLWB4 | I feel able to do the things I choose to do |
| SLWB5 | I contribute to and have some control over community life | |
| SLWB7 | I am able to ask someone for help in case I have a problem | |
| SLWB10 | I feel safe from violence at home | |
| SLWB11 | I have no problem with my mental health | |
| SLWB13 | I feel able to live my life the way I want | |
| SLWB12 | I have enough money to meet my needs | |
| SLWB14 | I enjoy my personal life | |
| SLWB15 | I am happy with the quality of my sleep |
| Factor | Code | Measurement item |
|---|---|---|
| Resilience to shocks (VCRSH) | VCRSH1 | I am prepared to deal with natural shocks (e.g. landslides, floods and droughts) if they occur in the national park-adjacent community where I live or work |
| VCRSH2 | I have devised an emergency plan to deal with health-related shocks (illnesses and epidemics) if they occur in the national park-adjacent community where I live or work | |
| VCRSH3 | I can still find alternative sources of income amidst natural disasters and/or health-related epidemics if they occur in the national park-adjacent community where I live or work | |
| VCRSH4 | I have access to sufficient financial resources to ensure that I recover from the threats posed by natural disasters and/or health-related epidemics | |
| VCRSH5 | I regularly save money from my income to deal with financial crises | |
| Resilience to displacement risk (VCRD) | VCRD1 | I will receive adequate compensation to enable me to relocate in case I lose my property due to tourism-related development in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work |
| VCRD2 | I can easily find work opportunities if I am displaced from the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRD3 | I would still find a sense of belonging if I am displaced from the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRD4 | If displacement from the national park community where I live/work was to occur, my household would be able to draw on the support of family and friends to ensure that we recover | |
| Resilience to seasonality (VCRS) | VCRS1 | I can find alternative employment during the off-peak tourism seasons |
| VCRS2 | My household is prepared to cope with threats posed by climate changes in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRS4 | I am engaged in multiple income-generating activities to cater for seasonal changes in tourism (peak and off-peak seasons) in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRS5 | I can devise means of paying for basic utilities (water/electricity) in case of price fluctuations due to seasonal changes in tourism in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| VCRS6 | I am able to buy food for my household even when there is less demand for tourism products in the national park-adjacent community where I live/work | |
| Sustainable livelihood outcomes (Improved well-being) (SLWB) | SLWB4 | I feel able to do the things I choose to do |
| SLWB5 | I contribute to and have some control over community life | |
| SLWB7 | I am able to ask someone for help in case I have a problem | |
| SLWB10 | I feel safe from violence at home | |
| SLWB11 | I have no problem with my mental health | |
| SLWB13 | I feel able to live my life the way I want | |
| SLWB12 | I have enough money to meet my needs | |
| SLWB14 | I enjoy my personal life | |
| SLWB15 | I am happy with the quality of my sleep |
Source(s): Primary data
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