Table 1.

Skills and competencies needed in learning outcomes in AI-integrated learning

ThemesSubthemesEC1EC2EUOECD1OECD2UNESCO1UNESCO2UNESCO3
Higher-order thinking skillsCritical thinkingXX X XXX
Communication X X XXX
Collaboration/teamworkX  X XXX
Flexible thinking   X XXX
Transfer of learning   X XXX
Metacognition and self-regulated learningXX X    
Digital and AI literacyAI evaluation X X XXX
Vocational skills needed to work with AI     XX 
AI system auditing   X X X
Access and usage across subjectX   XX  
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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