Figure 5
The hierarchical breakdown structure visualizes “Whole Life Cost (W L C)” divided into four main branches: “Non-Construction Cost,” “Life Cycle Cost,” “Income,” and “Externalities.” The “Non-Construction Cost” branch includes “Acquisition Cost,” which further divides into “Site acquisition” and “Administrative, financial, legal, and marketing expenses.” “Site acquisition” includes “Foreign exchange,” “Method of financing,” and “Legislative and economic changes.” “Administrative, financial, legal, and marketing expenses” includes “Regional and geographical conditions,” “Taxation,” “Upfront acquisition cost,” and “Regulatory compliance.” The “Life Cycle Cost” branch divides into “Construction or Renewal or Maintenance,” “Operation Costs,” and “End-of-Life Costs.” “Construction or Renewal or Maintenance” includes “Demolition site preparation, and formation” “Substructure or Structure,” “Architectural works or Non-structural works,” “Services and equipment,” “External and ancillary works,” “Preliminaries and constructors’ site overheads,” “Risk allowances,” and “Post-completion loose furniture, fittings, and equipment.” “Demolition site preparation, and formation” includes “Building resilience to natural hazards,” “Regulatory compliance,” and “Taxation.” “Substructure or Structure” includes “Material availability,” “Material durability,” “Material quality,” “Material selection,” “Serviceability of materials,” “Demand and supply of materials,” “Construction quality,” “Construction technology,” “Comparability with other building systems,” “Seismicity,” “Fire resistance,” “Wind bracing upgrades,” “Weather resilience,” and “Climate conditions or Geographical variations.” “Architectural works or Non-structural works” includes “Consideration of design alternatives,” “Shape of facility,” “Efficiency of materials or equipment,” “Design efficiency,” “Flood mitigation,” “Coastal erosion allowances,” and “Premiums for high-risk.” “Services and equipment” includes “Building automation and smart systems,” “Renewable energy system,” “Installation practice or quality,” “Stormwater upgrades,” and “Technology depreciation.” “External and ancillary works” includes “Water management system,” “Orientation and solar,” and “Greenstar rating.” “Preliminaries and constructors’ site overheads” includes “Effectiveness of on-site communication and coordination.” “Risk allowances” includes “Unforeseen circumstances,” “Level of uncertainty,” and “Continuity of supply chain.” “Post-completion loose furniture, fittings, and equipment” includes “Residual value.” “Operation Costs” includes “Cleaning, utilities, and waste management,” “Security, I C T, and site overheads,” “Maintenance and replacement costs,” and “Energy and sustainability costs.” “Cleaning, utilities, and waste management” includes “Building occupancy type,” “Occupancy behavior,” and “Annual occupancy.” “Security, I C T, and site overheads” includes “Building security system,” “Health and wellbeing,” and “Acoustic performance.” “Maintenance and replacement costs” includes “Maintenance frequency,” “Replacement frequency,” “Resistance to wear and tear,” and “Building maintenance technologies.” “Energy and sustainability costs” includes “Energy-saving measures,” “Renewable resources used,” “Environmental cost,” “Carbon sequestration,” and “Building certification.” “End-of-Life Costs” includes “Disposal, inspection, decommissioning,” “Demolition, reclamation, and salvage,” and “Site reinstatement.” “Disposal, inspection, decommissioning” includes “Environmental impact evaluation” and “Sustainable deconstruction practices.” “Demolition, reclamation, and salvage” includes “Risk allowances” and “Insurance and risk mitigation.” “Site reinstatement” includes “Government incentives and subsidies” and “Taxation.” The “Income” branch is divided into “Rental income” and “Disposals.” The “Externalities” branch is divided into “Social impact costs” (factors include “Community displacement,” “Infrastructure burden,” and “Public health impacts”) and “User costs” (factors include “Travel time,” “Accessibility issues,” and “Long-term affordability”).The five-level WLC hierarchy. Developed by the authors