Figure 1
The flowchart consists of four stages arranged vertically, connected by downward arrows, and labeled from top to bottom as follows: Stage 1: Exploring Associations: It consists of three text boxes arranged horizontally, labeled from left to right as follows: “Survey (26 items),” “Chi-squared test,” “Test language proficiency associations.” Stage 2: Identifying Language Learning Trajectories: It consists of three text boxes arranged horizontally, labeled from left to right as follows: “Survey (2 items: Duration and Proficiency),” “Trajectory clustering,” “Identify language learning trajectories.” Stage 3: Qualitative Cluster Profiling: It consists of three text boxes arranged horizontally, labeled from left to right as follows: “P C A, Cross tabulations,” “Biplot Visualization,” “Characterize clusters quantitatively.” Stage 4: Qualitative Interpretation: It consists of three text boxes arranged horizontally, labeled from left to right as follows: “31 Interviews,” “Thematic Coding (16 Themes),” “Explore lived experiences.”Mixed-methods framework of the study. Source: Authors