Figure 4
The diagram shows a central node labeled “Design variables”. The central node connects to three other nodes surrounding it via bold lines, arranged from top left and moving clockwise as follows: “Architectural”, “Envelope”, and “Building services”. From “Architectural”, three lines extend to three more nodes labeled “Internal floor or ceiling”, “Partition walls”, and “Spatial arrangement”. From “Spatial arrangement”, multiple small nodes branch outward labeled from top left and moving clockwise as follows: “Number of rooms at each floor”, “Zones per model”, “Floor area”, “Windows per zone”, “Orientation”, “Building width and length”, “Maximum building height”, “Number of storeys”, and “Room proximities”. From “Envelope”, three lines extend to three nodes labeled “Roof components”, “Ground floor components”, and “External wall components”. From “Roof components”, two small nodes labeled “Roof insulation thickness” and “Solar Absorptance” branch outward. From “Ground floor components”, small nodes labeled “Insulation type”, “Insulation thickness”, and “Floor concrete thickness” branch outward. From “External wall components”, eleven small nodes branch outward labeled from top and moving clockwise as follows: “External sun shade”, “Windows to wall ratio”, “Material quantities”, “U values of different walls layers”, “Windows height”, “Glazing type”, “Insulation”, “Wall gypsum thickness”, “Thermal bridge”, “Airtightness”, and “Solar Absorptance”. Another node connects to “External sun shade” labeled “Shading overhang depth”. Two more nodes connect to “Insulation” labeled “Insulation thickness” and “Insulation type”. From “Building services”, four lines extend to four nodes labeled “Photovoltaic systems”, “Thermal energy storage capacity”, “Electrical battery sizes” and “H V A C”. From “Photovoltaic systems”, two small nodes labeled “P V panel area size” and “P V roof coverage” branch outward. From “H V A C”, six small nodes labeled from top and moving clockwise as follows: “Heating and cooling setpoints”, “Mechanical ventilation rate”, “Cooling and heating operation schedule”, “Ventilation recovery efficiency”, “Boiler type”, and “Chiller type”.Design variables divided into three clusters of architectural, building services, and envelope. Source: The authors