Figure 7
The figure contains two plots arranged in a vertical series. The top plot is labeled “(a)” and shows a two-dimensional graph with the horizontal axis labeled “f 2” and the vertical axis labeled “f 1”. A legend in the upper right corner contains four items and identifies the red circle as “Non-dominated solutions”, the hollow circle as “Dominated solutions”, the blue curved line as “Pareto front”, and the green circle as “Ideal solution”. In the plot, a point is marked with a small green circle at the lower left corner of the axes. A series of red circular points is arranged on a blue curved line extending from the top of the vertical axis downward toward the right side of the horizontal axis. Several hollow circular points appear scattered to the right of the red points. Two labeled points appear along the red curve: “A” near the upper section and “B” near the lower section. Horizontal and vertical reference lines extend from points “A” and “B” to the axes. The bottom plot is a three-dimensional plot labeled “(b)”. In this plot, three axes are shown, labeled “f 1”, “f 2”, and “f 3”. The 3D axes extend outward, with “f 1” rising vertically on the left, “f 2” extending horizontally to the right, and “f 3” projecting forward. Numerous hollow circular points populate the 3D space. Several small triangular markers appear in the lower region of the point cloud.Pareto-front concept in multi-objective optimisation. (a) two-objective minimisation: the red curve shows non-dominated solutions (Pareto front), with the ideal utopia point at the origin; hollow circles are dominated alternatives. (b) three-objective. Source: The authors