Figure 1
The diagram shows a text box at the top labeled “L S L A D E Land Preparation Methods (Agrochemicals, Tractors, Plows, Bulldozers).” Three downward arrows extend from this text box and point to three text boxes arranged in a horizontal series. From left to right, the text boxes are labeled “Ecological Pathways (Deforestation, soil compaction, habitat loss),” “Socio-economic Pathways (Labor shifts, land conflicts, food security),” and “Technological Spillovers (Diffusion of machinery, chemical adoption).” Three downward arrows extend from these three text boxes and converge on a text box at the bottom labeled “Biodiversity Outcomes (N D V I, G N D V I, Species richness, Evenness, Diversity).”Conceptual framework linking LSLADE land preparation methods to biodiversity outcomes. Note: Species richness refers to the number of different life forms in a particular area; evenness is the distribution of individuals among different life forms in a community; diversity is the variety of different species present in a community (Cardinale et al., 2012); and vegetation health is the condition, vigor and vitality of plant communities within an ecosystem (Kogan, 2019). Source: Author's construct based on literature (e.g., Abdallah and Jayne, 2023; Altieri and Nicholls, 2005; Chiarelli et al., 2022; Collier, 2017; Davis et al., 2020; Oberlack et al., 2021; Wineman et al., 2022)