Figure 1
The model shows four headings at the top labeled “Stimulus”, “Organism”, “Response”, and “Performance”. Below the heading “Stimulus”, a vertical textbox labeled “Environmental Features” is positioned that contains two vertically arranged textboxes, the top labeled “Interactivity” and the bottom labeled “Virtual Reward Giving”. Below the heading “Organism”, a vertical textbox labeled “Learning Engagement (L E)” is positioned that contains two vertically arranged textboxes, the top labeled “Psychological L E” and the bottom labeled “Social L E”. Below the heading “Response”, a single textbox is positioned in the centre labeled “Learning Persistence”, and below the heading “Performance”, a single textbox is positioned in the centre labeled “Learning Outcome”. Above these section boxes, a horizontal rectangle is present labeled “Usage Experience”. Two rightward arrows labeled “H 1 a” and “H 1 b” emerge from “Interactivity” and point to “Psychological L E” and “Social L E” respectively. Two rightward arrows labeled “H 2 a” and “H 2 b” emerge from “Virtual Reward Giving” and point to “Psychological L E” and “Social L E” respectively. A rightward arrow labeled “H 3” emerges from “Psychological L E” and points to “Learning Persistence”, and another rightward arrow labeled “H 4” emerges from “Social L E” and points to “Learning Persistence”. A rightward arrow labeled “H 5” connects “Learning Persistence” to “Learning Outcome”. Several downward arrows emerge from the top rectangle labeled “Usage Experience”, including one labeled “H 6 - 1 a” that points to the arrow labeled “H 1 a”, one labeled “H 6 - 1 b” that points to the arrow labeled “H 1 b”, one labeled “H 6 - 2 a” that points to the arrow labeled “H 2 a”, one labeled “H 6 - 2 b” that points to the arrow labeled “H 2 b”, one labeled “H 6 - 3” points to the arrow labeled “H 3”, and one labeled “H 6 - 4” points to the arrow labeled “H 4”. Two cornered rightward dashed arrows emerge from the bottom of the textbox “Environmental Features”, one pointing to “Learning Persistence” and the other pointing to “Learning Outcome”. Another cornered dashed arrow emerges from the textbox “Learning Engagement (LE)” and points to “Learning Outcome”.The research model. Note. Dotted arrows represent unexpected direct effects. Source(s): The author’s own creation/work