The figure shows four ovals arranged vertically on the left side and labeled from top to bottom: “Charging infrastructure availability,” “Charging technology,” “Battery swapping and energy storage,” and “Charging policies.” In the center of the figure, three ovals are arranged vertically, labeled from top to bottom: “Perceived convenience and accessibility,” “Perceived range security,” and “Technology trust and reliability.” On the right center, only one oval is present, labeled “EV adoption rate.” From “Charging infrastructure availability,” two arrows raise and point toward “Perceived convenience and accessibility” and “Technology trust and reliability.” From “Charging technology,” two arrows rise and point toward “Perceived range security” and “Perceived convenience and accessibility.” From “Battery swapping and energy storage,” three arrows raise and point toward “Perceived convenience and accessibility,” “Perceived range security,” and “Technology trust and reliability.” From “Charging policies,” two arrows raise and point toward “Technology trust and reliability.” From “Perceived convenience and accessibility,” “Perceived range security,” and “Technology trust and reliability,” a forward arrow raises and points toward “EV adoption rate.”Conceptual framework. Source: Authors’ composition
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