Figure 1
The figure shows a combination of a bar graph and a line graph. The horizontal axis is labeled “Years” and ranges from 1991 to 2017 in increments of two years. The left vertical axis is labeled “Global Value Chains” and ranges from 0 to 6,000,000 in increments of 1,000,000. The right vertical axis is labeled “Informal Employment” and ranges from 0 to 50 in increments of 5. The legend on the left has the following labels: “Informal employment” shown as a bar, “indirect value added” shown as a solid line with square markers, “foreign value added” shown as a dotted line, “domestic value added” shown as a line with diamond markers, and “Global value chain participation indicator” shown as a solid line with dashed markers. The graph shows vertical bars for “Informal employment” each year. The data from the bar graph is as follows: 1991: 42.31. 1993: 43.16. 1995: 41.82. 1997: 41.78. 1999: 42.26. 2001: 42.38. 2003: 41.45. 2005: 39.62. 2007: 37.39. 2009: 35.57. 2011: 34.26. 2013: 33.69. 2015: 35.56 2017: 34.93. The details of the line graph are as follows: The line for “indirect value added” starts at (1991, 303183), increases to (2002, 582485), and then increases steeply to (2008, 2034745), fluctuates, and ends at (2017, 2310790). The line for “foreign value added” starts at (1991, 118733), stays almost constant, and increases slightly to (2003, 302036), and increases further to (2008, 770647). The line fluctuates slightly and ends at (2017, 864786). The line for “domestic value added” starts at (1991, 879436), increases to (2002, 1471538), and increases steeply to (2008, 42089020), falls, and again rises to (2014, 5586274), decreases slightly to end at (2017, 5286141). The line for “Global value chain participation indicator” starts at (1991, 421916), increases to (2008, 2805392), dips, and again increases to (2014, 3485042), and drops to end at (2017, 3175577).Changes in informal employment and global value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa. Source: Authors. Data from the Shadow Economy and the UNCTAD-Eora Global Value Chain Database