Figure 2
The circular process diagram illustrates the battery value chain with labeled steps and matching icons. The sequence starts at “Resource Extraction” (mining cart icon), moves to “Production” (factory icon), then to “First Life” (battery and electric vehicle), and then to “Second Life” (battery, buildings, solar, bike, scooter). From here, three labeled branches—“Reuse,” “Refurbish,” and “Repurpose”—extend right. The process continues to “Recycle” (recycle symbol and battery icon) and finally to “Landfill slash Incineration” (trash icon). Green arrows indicate the closed-loop cycle between production, first and second life, and recycling, while a blue arrow leads from recycling to landfill slash incineration, visualizing the possible pathways for batteries after use.EV battery lifecycle