Figure 5
The diagram illustrates the E V battery’s end-of-life management lifecycle. On the top left, a vehicle with a charging plug is labeled “First life: E V use”. An arrow flows below to a dashed box including a vehicle with a battery indicator labeled “E V battery around 80 percent S O H” and a vehicle lifted on a support labeled “Faulty E V battery”. An arrow labeled “Prefer low cost” flows next to “E V battery repair shop” (repairing icon) inside a dashed rectangle labeled “Business Scope of Waste Management Companies,” stating “Strategy 1: Joint ventures with foreign waste management companies to gain C E capabilities”. Next, it flows to “Testing” (list icon), then to “Repair (module or cell replacement),” which sends faulty cells to “Testing,” and this process is labeled “Strategy 3: Establish an E V battery repair shop”. The reoared battery is used in B E V and sent to “First life: E V use”. Another arrow labeled “Under Warranty or prefer original new battery” from the dashed box flows to “Authorized service center (automakers) usually change the whole battery” (service center icon), leading to the “Testing” with an arrow labeled “Retired batteries send to waste management companies,” and this process is labeled “Strategy 2: Cooperation with automakers as a third-party E V battery waste manager”. “Testing” splits into two branches: “greater than 40 percent S O H module or cell” and “less than 40 oercent S O H module or cell”. The “greater than 40 percent S O H module or cell” branches into “Reuse,” “Refurbish,” leading to “Second life: 2 wheelers” (cycle and scooter icon), and “Repurpose,” leading to “Second life: buildings and houses” (building and houses icon). These two lead to “End of second life,” which loops back to “less than 40 percent S O H module or cell”. The “less than 40 percent S O H module or cell” flows to “Recycling,” leading to “Landfill” and “E V battery factory's raw material” (factory icon), which loops back to the “First life: E V use”.The business scope of waste management companies