Figure 4
The diagram displays two parallel columns for the years “2010 to 2015” on the left and “2020 to 2022” on the right, each containing several dashed-line boxes filled with vertical lists. The upper section is for “Offshoring.” For “Offshoring” in “2010 to 2015,” the first box lists “Lead time,” “Risk,” “Flexibility,” and “Labor cost (negative).” An arrow connects each item to an identical box in “2020 to 2022” with the same four labels in the same order: “Lead time,” “Risk,” “Flexibility,” and “Labor cost (negative).” Below, a second box holds “Access to technology,” “Access to skills and knowledge,” “Proximity to R and D,” and “Access to raw materials.” The labels “Access to technology” and “Access to skills and knowledge” are grouped and lead to the same labels in a box under “2020 to 2022.” The complete second box in “2010 to 2015” leads to the third box in the right column under “2020 to 2022” and is labeled “Proximity to R and D,” “Country-specific conditions,” “Trade barriers,” and “Lack of qualified personnel.” The final box at the bottom, in “2010 to 2015,” lists “Exchange rates” and “Logistics cost,” with arrows pointing to a fourth box labeled with “Logistics cost” and “Market proximity” in “2020 to 2022.” The lower part of the diagram (separated region) repeats a similar layout for a different configuration or context. For “2010 to 2015,” one box lists “Lead time,” “Access to technology,” “Flexibility,” “Proximity to R and D,” and “Access to skills and knowledge,” with arrows mostly leading to matching items in a single 2020 to 2022 box: “Lead time,” “Market proximity,” “Logistics cost,” and “Risk.” The labels “Flexibility,” “Proximity to R and D,” and “Access to skills and knowledge” from the first box are grouped and lead to the second box in the right column under 2020 to 2022 and labeled “Flexibility,” “Proximity to R and D,” “Access to skills and knowledge,” and “Quality.” The second box under “2010 to 2015” lists “Exchange rates,” “Labor cost,” “Access to raw materials,” “Country-specific conditions,” “Trade barriers,” and “Lack of qualified personnel.” The last three labels in this box, “Country-specific conditions,” “Trade barriers,” and “Lack of qualified personnel,” are grouped and lead to the third box in the right column under 2020 to 2022 and labeled “Country-specific conditions,” “Trade barriers,” and “Lack of qualified personnel.”The change in clusters for offshoring and backshoring over time (the arrows indicate the factors that were included in clusters in both periods, while factors without arrows have either dropped out of a cluster or are new to a cluster)