Figure 1
The vertical process flow starts at the top with an oval is labeled “Original Instrument C D-R I S C 25 items.” An arrow points down to a box labeled “Step 1: Forward Translation Synthesis” with the text outside the box on the right reading “The original English version of the 25-item C D-R I S C was translated into Bahasa Indonesia by bilingual experts.” Another arrow points down to “Step 2: Back Translation” with the text outside the box on the right reading “Retranslated the Bahasa Indonesia version back into English by blinded bilingual translators.” A downward arrow leads to the next box labeled “Step 3: Harmonization” with the text outside the box on the right reading “All versions are compared by all involved translators to identify ambiguities and determine the most appropriate translation.” The process continues downward to “Step 4: Pre-testing,” with the text outside the box on the right reading “A pre-test was tested on a small sample of 20 participants from similar demographics to the target population.” The next arrow leads down to the box “Step 5: Field Testing,” with the text outside the box on the right reading “The pre-final instrument was field-tested with 591 participants from the target population.” The next downward arrow leads to “Step 6: Psychometric Validation,” with the text outside the box on the right reading “Include reliability and validity testing and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (C F A) using Smart P L S.” The final oval at the bottom has the text “Psychometric Properties Analysis.”Graphic representation of the translation, adaptation and cross-validation process. Source: Beaton and Guillemin (2000) and Cruchinho et al. (2024), modified