Figure 2
The causal diagram shows a scatter plot with the horizontal axis labeled “(r j plus c j)” ranging from 4 to 7.5 in increments of 0.5 units and the vertical axis labeled “(r j minus c j)” ranging from negative 1.0 to 1.5 in increments of 0.5 units. The diagram contains nine labeled circular nodes connected by multiple directional arrows. The nine nodes are labeled as follows: “F 1: Energy conservation,” “F 2: Material savings,” “F 3: Emission reduction,” “F 4: Data efficiency,” “F 5: Process optimization,” “F 6: Cost reduction,” “F 7: Employee motivation,” “F 8: Employee qualification,” and “F 9: Employee support”. The coordinates of the points are F 1 at (5.54, negative 0.659), F 2 at (5.357, negative 0.03), F 3 at (5.236, negative 0.692), F 4 at (5.405, 0.665), F 5 at (6.936, 0.4), F 6 at (6.216, negative 0.574), F 7 at (5.488, 0.058), F 8 at (5.206, 1.083), and F 9 at (4.841, negative 0.132). Some pointing arrows and some double-headed arrows connect the nodes. The double-headed arrows are as follows: one connects F 4 and F 5, another connects F 9 and F 5, one connects F 2 and F 5, one connects F 7 and F 5, one connects F 2 and F 6, one connects F 3 and F 1, one connects F 3 and F 6, one connects F 1 and F 5, one connects F 1 and F 6, and one connects F 6 and F 5. The eight downward-pointing arrows emerge from F 8 and connect to F 1, F 2, F 3, F 4, F 5, F 6, F 7, and F 9. The six-pointing arrows emerge from F4 and connect to F 9, F 3, F 2, F 7, F 1, and F 6. The two right-pointing arrows emerge from F 9 and connect to F 7 and F 6. The two right-pointing arrows emerge from F 2 and connect to F 3 and F 1. The three downward-pointing arrows emerge from F 7 and connect to F 3, F 1, and F 6. The one downward-pointing arrow emerges from F 5 and connects to F 3.Single-sided and multisided connections. Source: Authors’ own work