Figure 4
The network displays multiple clusters of nodes, each shown by circles with labels, connected by thin lines that indicate co-citation relationships. The labels appear directly adjacent to the nodes, and each cluster is shaded with its own background color to distinguish thematic areas within the field. In the top right region, the red cluster forms the most visually dominant area and corresponds to the topic labeled “1. Innovation”. This cluster contains many tightly connected red nodes, labeled “Kaplan A (2019)”, “Kolagar M (2022)”, “Sjodin D (2021)”, “Sjodin D (2020)”, “Ferreras-Mendez J L (2021)”, “Nelson R R (1982)”, and “Schumpeter J A (1934)”. To the upper left, the light yellow cluster labeled “2. AI” appears as a distinct grouping of medium-sized and small yellow nodes labeled “Davenport T (2020)”, “Wamba-Taguimdje S-L (2020)”, “Haenlein M (2019)”, “Stokel-Walker C (2022)”, “Reim W (2020)”, “Dwivedi Y K (2023)”, and “Barney J (1991)”. Directly below the AI cluster lies the green cluster corresponding to “3. Business models”. This area features a large group of green nodes labeled “Teece D J (2010)”, “Zott C (2011)”, “Baden-Fuller C (2013)”, “Amit R (2001)”, “Zott C (2007)”, “Foss N J (2017)”, and “Morris M (2005)”. On the bottom right, the pink cluster labeled “5. Digital servitization” appears as a smaller but tightly grouped set of nodes. The prominent nodes within this cluster include “Sjodin D (2019)”, “Paiola M (2020)”, “Kohtamaki M (2020)”, “Vendrell-Herrero F (2017)”, “Porter M E (2014)”, and “Sklyar A (2019)”. On the right centre, the blue cluster marked as “4. Case studies” contains nodes labeled “Eisenhardt K M (1989)”, “Gioia D A (2013)”, “Cenamo J (2017)”, “Edmondson A C (2007)”, “Braun V (2006)”, “Wuest T (2016)”, and “Davenport T H (2018)”. The label at the top left side reads “Cite Space, v. 6.3. R 2 (64-bit) Advanced”, “June 16, 2024, 10:59:29 A M C F S T”, and “Timespan: 2016 to 2024 (Slice Length equals 1). Selection Criteria: Top 100.0 percent per slice, up to 100, L R F equals 3.0, StartFraction L over N EndFraction equals 10, L B Y equals negative 1, e equals 2.0. Network: N equals 80, E equals 246 (Density equals 0.0778). Largest C Cs: 73 (91 percent), Nodes Labeled: 10.0 percent. Pruning: None. Modularity Q equals 0.6678, Weighted Mean Silhouette S equals 0.9215, Harmonic Mean (Q, S) equals 0.7744. Excluded”.Co-citation clusters of cited references in the field of AI and BM. Source: Authors’ own work