Figure 1
The flowchart shows three vertical circles representing three stages, arranged in a vertical series on the left. From top to bottom, these are labeled “Phase 1: Item development”, “Phase 2: Scale development”, and “Phase 3: Evaluation or validation”. In “Phase 1: Item development”, four connected rectangular boxes are arranged in a downward sequence. The first box reads “1. Review of literature - about main factors of P L”. A downward-pointing arrow leads to the second box labeled “2. Semi-structured Interview - with 14 participants (9 teachers and 5 principals)”. Another downward arrow connects to the third box, which reads “3. Interview data analyzed via Nvivo and identify 40 themes, and Cohen's kappa coefficient (kappa) is calculated to measure the inter-rater agreement of experts”. A downward arrow leads to the fourth box labeled “4. Initial items of scale (40 items) formed and piloted with two principals and two teachers”. A downward arrow from this box leads to the next text box in “Phase 2”. In “Phase 2: Scale development”, the box is labeled “5. Perform E F A of survey data from 300 participants - Identify 4 main dimensions of P L and reduce from 40 items to 32”. A downward arrow from this box leads to the next text box in “Phase 3”. In “Phase 3: Evaluation or validation”, two rightward arrows connect to two vertically arranged boxes. The first box reads “6. Perform C F A of survey data from 420 teachers and 50 principals and confirm final scale”. A downward-pointing arrow connects this to the final box, which reads “7. Confirm Nomological network or discriminant and convergent validity by using correlation analysis of final scale with psychological empowerment measure and independent sample t-tests”. At the bottom of the figure, the caption reads “Source(s): Authors' own work”.Overall scale development process