Figure 1
The conceptual framework has a legend at the bottom left of the figure that shows the plus sign labeled “Potentials”, the minus sign labeled “Challenges”, and the asterisk labeled “Solutions”. At the center of the figure, there is an icon of a box labeled “Last-mile delivery (L M D)”. On the left of this “Last-mile delivery (L M D)”, a triangle with its apex facing the center contains an icon of a building and is labeled “Senders’ L M D priorities”. Three bullet points are listed below this label: “Cost (plus sign, minus sign, plus sign)”, “Applicability (plus sign, minus sign, plus sign)”, and “Capacity (plus sign, minus sign, plus sign)”. An arrow arises from “Senders’ L M D priorities”, passes through the “Last-mile delivery (L M D)” box, and points to a triangle on the right labeled “Receivers’ L M D priorities”, accompanied by an icon of a standing human figure. The triangle has its apex facing the left. “Receivers’ L M D priorities” also contains three bullet points listed as follows: “Time (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”, “Reach (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”, and “Item condition (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”. From “Senders’ L M D priorities”, a dashed upward arrow arises and points to a trapezoid with a gavel icon labeled “Regulators’ L M D priorities”. This section contains three bullet points: “Policies (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”, “Infrastructure (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”, and “Public acceptance (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”. From “Regulators’ L M D priorities”, a downward dashed arrow arises and points to “Receivers’ L M D priorities”. From “Receivers’ L M D priorities”, another downward dashed arrow arises and points to a trapezoid at the bottom center containing an icon of three people labeled “Societies’ L M D priorities”. It includes the following bullet points: “Safety (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”, “Privacy (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”, and “Environment (plus sign, minus sign, asterisk)”. From “Societies’ L M D priorities”, an upward dashed arrow arises and points to “Senders’ L M D priorities”. Dashed curved arrows connect the trapezoids in a circular flow pattern, visually illustrating the continuous and reciprocal relationship among stakeholders. The caption below the framework reads “Source(s): Created by authors”.Analytical framework