Figure 1
The model begins with “H O S P” on the left, linked by three arrows: “H 2 a” connects “H O S P” to “I D E N”. “H 2 b” connects “H O S P” to “D E P E”. “H 1” connects “H O S P” directly to “E X P E”. “I D E N” is positioned at the top center, “D E P E” at the bottom center, and “E X P E” on the right. “I D E N” connects to “E X P E” through the arrow “H 3”. “D E P E” connects to “E X P E” through the arrow “H 4”. “E X P E” connects downward to “I N T E” through the arrow “H 5”. On the right side, “E X P E” connects outward with dashed arrows to five variables: “H E D O”, “N O V E”, “R E F R”, “M E A N”, and “C U L T”. The constructs and variables are represented by ovals.Conceptual framework. Source: Figure created by authors