Figure 3
In both networks, terms appear as circular nodes, and their sizes reflect frequency of occurrence, while connecting lines indicate co-occurrence relationships. Nodes of similar color represent clusters of related concepts. Author keywords co-occurrence network (top): The upper network contains multiple clusters arranged around a large central node labeled “s d g”, which appears in bold and has the largest node size, indicating the highest frequency. Surrounding “s d g” is a dense group of red-colored nodes including “tourism”, “sustainable tourism”, “sustainability”, “rural tourism”, “tourism sector”, “biosphere reserves”, “hotels”, “gender equality”, “events”, “climate change”, “hospitality”, “business models”, “governance”, “community-based tourism”, “stakeholders”, “responsible tourism”, “hospitality”, “circular economy”, “climate change”, “tourism policy”, and “corporate social responsibility”. These nodes connect strongly to one another, forming a red cluster centered around major sustainability and tourism themes. Smaller clusters appear around the edges. A green cluster on the left includes “agenda 2030” and “well-being”. A blue cluster at the bottom-left includes “employment” and “decent work”. A purple cluster on the upper-right contains “women’s empowerment” and “tourism development”. W o S keywords-plus co-occurrence network (bottom): The lower network shows a larger, more complex distribution of nodes. At the center is a large dark-blue node labeled “impact”, which is the most frequent term. Surrounding it are mid-sized blue nodes such as “management”, “progress”, “climate change”, “national park”, “governance”, “attitudes”, “environment”, “perceptions”, “countries”, “policy”, “hospitality”, “perspective” “poverty”, “economy”, “community”, “Iran”, and “climate change”. These form the main blue cluster with dense interconnections. Other clusters appear around the periphery: A pink cluster includes terms such as “innovation”, “tourism”, “conservation”, and “challenges”. A brown cluster includes “involvement”, “destination image”, “model”, “performance”, and “growth”. A red cluster includes “perspectives”, “sustainable tourism”, “ecology”, “industry”, “ecotourism”, and “poverty”, located on the far left. An orange cluster at the bottom left contains “2030 agenda”, “land”, and “politics”. A purple cluster at the top left contains “behavior” and “satisfaction”. A gray cluster at the bottom contains “empowerment”, “gender”, and “authenticity”. A green cluster at the far right contains “corporate social-responsibility” and “sustainability”. Lines connect terms based on co-occurrence in publications, with stronger associations shown through darker or more frequent linking lines.Author keywords and WoS keywords-plus co-occurrence network. Source: Developed by authors