Figure 2
A series of images depicting the preparation process of modified Turkish coffee ground, including mixing and drying steps.The image shows a sequence of steps for preparing modified Turkish coffee ground. The first image features dried Turkish coffee ground in a measuring cup. The second image illustrates a magnetic stirrer used for mixing a slurry of CNF at a speed of two hundred revolutions per minute for thirty minutes. Following this, a new image displays the modified Turkish coffee ground mixture in a measuring container. The final step involves an oven set at eighty degrees Celsius for forty-eight hours, shown alongside the final product–dried modified Turkish coffee ground also in a measuring cup. The series follows a left-to-right flow, effectively outlining the stages of preparation.

Modification of spent coffee grounds

Source: Author’s own work

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