Figure 15
A series of four 3D models showing the intermediate steps during the channel definition process from the starting condition to the final AM part.The image features four distinct 3 D models displayed on a flat surface with cylindrical bases. Model (a) shows transparent blue cylinders linked with twisted wire structures. Model (b) continues with a similar base but introduces additional tube-like forms and connections. Model (c) has a mix of transparent and solid elements, altering the geometry to connect the cylinders more intricately. Lastly, model (d) appears in a solid gray rendering, retaining the shapes and connections from the previous models but displaying no color or transparency. The layout provides a progressive exploration of the variations in design and structure across the four models.

Channel definition and AM part generation exemplarily shown for the bottom approach: (a) Initiation of the form-finding process; (b) Spheres used during particle simulation after convergence; (c) Generated channels with a diamond shape, considering the overhang constraint of the LPBF process; (d) Mesh of AM part after subtraction of milled preform

Source: Authors’ own work

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