Figure A1
A flowchart explains the process of decoding the permutation based on an example. The sequence a, b, c, d and the permutation number 11 are used to illustrate this process of repeated division, subtraction, and selection, resulting in the final order b, d, c, a.The flowchart describes how the eleventh permutation of the sequence a, b, c, d is produced step by step. It begins with four elements and an empty output list. First, calculations identify element b, which is added to the output. The remaining elements are a, c, and d. Next, further division and subtraction identify element d, which is added, giving b and d in the output. The remaining elements are a and c. The following step adds element c, updating the output to b, d, c. Finally, the last element a is placed at the end, resulting in the full permutation b, d, c, a. The process ends when all elements are placed in order.

Example of the procedure to decode the permutation gene pg, which is set to 11, into the placement order vpo

Source: Authors’ own work

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