Figure 3
The center of the figure shows the text “Productivity Loss” and “Labour Productivity.” From “Productivity Loss,” an arrow labeled with a minus sign points toward “Labour Productivity.” At the top left, the text “Technical” is shown in bold. Around “Technical,” the texts labeled “Drawing Acquiring Delays,” “Design Errors or Revisions,” “Manufacturing Errors and Rework,” “Insufficient Manufacturer and Designer Coordination,” “Low Automation Level,” “Low Standardization Level,” “Ambiguous Client Specifications,” and “Design Complexity” are arranged in a circular pattern. All these texts are interconnected with curved arrows pointing toward the central term “Technical,” and each arrow is labeled with a plus sign. From “Technical,” curved arrows labeled with plus signs extend toward “Productivity Loss.” At the top right, the text “Work Area Congestion” is shown in red. Above “Work Area Congestion,” the bold text “Supply Chain and Logistics” is displayed. Around “Supply Chain and Logistics,” the texts labeled “Material Procurement Delays,” “Supplier Delivery Delays,” “Machinery and Worker Idle Time,” “Material Shortage,” and “Poor Factory Logistics” are arranged. Curved arrows interconnect these, forming a loop directed toward “Supply Chain and Logistics,” with each arrow labeled with a plus sign. From “Supply Chain and Logistics,” an arrow labeled with a plus sign points toward “Work Area Congestion.” Another arrow from “Work Area Congestion,” also labeled with a plus sign, points toward “Productivity Loss.” Below “Work Area Congestion,” a group labeled “External” is shown. Around “External,” several texts are displayed, labeled “Adverse Temperatures,” “Factory Safety Issues,” “Worker Absenteeism,” and “Injuries.” Curved arrows labeled with plus signs connect these to “External,” and an arrow from “External” points toward “Productivity Loss.” All these texts are interconnected with curved arrows pointing toward the central term “External,” and each of these arrows is labeled with a plus sign. On the right side, a group labeled “Management and Planning” is shown. Around “Management and Planning,” texts are arranged and labeled “Schedule Pressure,” “Inefficient Scheduling,” “Production Delay,” “Overtime Allocation,” “Fast Tracking,” and “Insufficient Labour Supervision.” These are linked to “Management and Planning” through curved arrows labeled with plus signs. Above “Management and Planning,” a text labeled “Increase in Crew Size” is shown in red, pointing toward both “Management and Planning” and “Work Area Congestion.” From “Management and Planning,” arrows labeled with plus signs connect to both “Overtime Allocation” and “Production Delay.” At the bottom left, a group labeled “Workforce” is shown. Around “Workforce,” texts labeled “Low Job Security,” “Low Experience,” “Insufficient Training,” “Unsatisfactory Skill Level,” “Unsatisfactory Salary,” and “Payment Delays” are arranged. All these texts are interconnected with curved arrows pointing toward the central term “Workforce,” and each of these arrows is labeled with a plus sign. Above the text “Workforce,” the text “Fatigue” is present in red. From “Fatigue,” a curved arrow labeled with a plus sign connects to “Workforce.” Below “Labour Productivity,” arrows extend toward “Production Throughput,” “Crew Size,” “Total Overtime Worker-hours,” “Total Normal Worker-hours,” “Normal Daily Worker-hours,” “Daily Overtime Worker-hours,” “Normal Labour Rate,” and “Overtime Labour Rate,” which all point toward the bold text at the bottom labeled “Production Cost.” From “Total Overtime Worker-hours” and “Total Normal Worker-hours,” an upward arrow labeled with a minus sign points to “Labour Productivity.” All these texts are interconnected with curved arrows pointing toward each other, most of which are labeled with plus signs.Causal-loop diagram for labour productivity in PMP. Source: Authors’ own creation