Figure 3
The figure is titled “Leaky pipeline root causes,” with the title depicted on the left side in the vertical panel. The figure displays a long text box, covering the complete length from left to right. The text within the box reads, “poor public image of the industry and negative signalling.” Below this text box, four text boxes are positioned. The top left text box has the title “careers counselling issues” and lists the following points: “Unawareness,” “Unwillingness to promote construction and trades,” and “Highly gendered practices.” The top center text box is titled “poor Recruitment practices” and lists the following points: “sexism,” “informal networks,” “unfavourable recruitment practices,” “experience over education,” and “lower paid, less secure roles.” The top right text box is titled “lack of opportunities for women” and lists the following points: “limited career advancement prospects,” “informal pathways for progression,” “zig-zagging career development paths,” and “lack of access to role models.” Below the top right text, a smaller text is positioned. This text box is titled “advancement and promotion” and lists the following points: “lack of recognition” and “Promotion withheld.” Below these boxes, the figure displays two large individual rightward arrows on the left and the right side. The arrows are labeled “academic pipeline” and “career pipeline,” respectively, and are shown slightly above the middle portion of the diagram, each containing four small text boxes. The “academic pipeline” arrow shows three boxes arranged in a horizontal series at the top. From left to right, the text boxes are labeled as follows: “School,” “V E,” and “H E.” The fourth text box positioned below “V E” and “H E” is labeled “Attraction.” The “career pipeline” arrow includes three boxes arranged in a horizontal series at the bottom. From left to right, the text boxes are labeled as follows: “Entry,” “Retention,” and “Progression.” The fourth text box positioned at the top center is labeled “Industry.” A curvy rightward arrow from “V E” in the left arrow points to the “Industry” text box on the right. A rightward arrow from “H E” in the left arrow points to the “Industry” text box on the right. The “careers counselling issues” text box is positioned to the top left of the “academic pipeline” arrow. The “poor Recruitment practices” text box is positioned at the top center, between the “academic pipeline” and “career pipeline” arrows. The “lack of opportunities for women” and “advancement and promotion” text boxes are arranged in a vertical series to the top right of the “career pipeline” arrow (before the arrowhead). Below the “academic pipeline” arrow, two individual curved downward arrows emerge to point at a text box below the arrow. The downward arrows are labeled “lack of interest” and “Construction career undesirable” on the left and right, respectively. The text is titled “gender bias in education setting” and lists the following points: “male peers,” “educators,” and “mentors and advisors.” Below the left “career pipeline” arrow, three individual curved downward arrows emerge from “Entry,” “Retention,” and “Progression,” respectively. The arrows are labeled “Entry barriers,” “Dissatisfaction,” and “Barriers for progression,” respectively. The arrows “Entry barriers” and “Dissatisfaction” point to a box below, which is titled “nature of work.” The points listed in the text box are as follows: “long or rigid work hours,” “absence of flexible work arrangements,” “work stress or overload,” “culture of safety risks,” “unsuitable work practices,” “environmental insensitivity,” and “difficult conditions.” The arrow labeled “Barriers for progression” points to a second text box positioned on the extreme right. The text box is titled “female unfriendly work environment” and lists the following points: “amenities, uniforms, P P E,” “gendered training and education,” and “lack of support for work-life balance.” A large text box below “nature of work” and “female unfriendly work environment” is titled “poor industry culture.” The points listed are as follows: “conflict and aggression,” “informal rules,” “tolerating sexism, exclusion, gendered violence,” “gendered biases,” “lack of respect,” “bad language,” “gender role segregation,” “forced to fit in,” “discrimination, harassment,” “isolation,” “repeated questioning of capabilities,” “lack of belongingness,” “gender role segregation,” “lack of inclusion in leadership culture or organisational priori,” and “resistance towards gender diversity by male workforce.” A large box positioned at the bottom, spanning the complete length from left to right of the figure, is titled “perceptions and informal gendered norms.” The points listed within the text box are as follows: “Doubted women’s abilities,” “non-traditional degree types,” “lack of opportunities for trade-based education,” “gender stereotypes,” “lack of identity,” and “low self-efficacy.” The last text box positioned below, spanning the length from left to right, has the following text: “Other gendered norms: Cultural, religious and societal norms and beliefs.”Barriers to gender diversity across the entire “education and career pipeline” of the construction industry. Authors’ own work