Figure 3
The figure combines bar charts and a flow diagram illustrating how one generation in a genetic algorithm produces the next. On the left, a bar chart titled “Cost Function” shows eight horizontal black bars increasing in length from top to bottom, representing individuals ranked from lowest to highest cost. Next to it, a second bar chart titled “Probability of Selection” shows the same eight individuals with bar lengths decreasing from top to bottom, indicating that low-cost individuals have higher selection probabilities. On the right is a genetic algorithm with two vertical stacks of colored rectangles labeled “Generation k” on the left and “Generation k + 1” on the far right, connected by horizontal arrows in four horizontal bands labeled from top to bottom “Elitism”, “Crossover”, “Mutation”, and “Rejected”. In “Generation k”, each rectangle contains a chromosome represented by three comma-separated numbers: under “Elitism”, the values are “2, 4, 8” above “10, 16, 22”; under “Crossover”, they are “15, 16, 77” above “2, 11, 25”; under “Mutation”, they are “44, 82, 101” above “15, 88, 150”; and under “Rejected”, they are “27, 61, 10” above “10, 3, 12”. The elitism band shows direct arrows from “2, 4, 8” and “10, 16, 22” in generation “k” to identical chromosomes in generation “k + 1”, illustrating that the top individuals are copied unchanged. In the crossover band, two central boxes show parents “15, 16, 77” and “2, 11, 25”; after crossover, the offspring boxes contain “2, 16, 77” and “2, 11, 77”, with the swapped genes highlighted in red, and arrows carry these offspring to the corresponding positions in generation “k + 1”. In the mutation band, arrows lead from “44, 82, 101” and “15, 88, 150” into two mutation boxes; the first becomes “44, 79, 102” and the second “18, 88, 142”, with the mutated genes shown in red, and arrows then place these mutated chromosomes into generation “k + 1”. In the rejected band, the chromosome “27, 61, 10” has an arrow pointing to a crossed-out symbol, indicating it is discarded, while “10, 3, 12” has no outgoing arrow, also indicating rejection; the right-hand stack instead shows two new chromosomes, “26, 82, 11” and “27, 62, 36”, in their places, implying replacement by other operations.Working of a Genetic algorithm. Source: Authors’ own work