Figure 7
Both panels plot “Cost (Euro)” on the vertical axis from 4000 to 16000 and “Emissions (tons of C O 2)” on the horizontal axis from 10 to 80, with a downward-curving frontier line in each. The legend in each panel identifies three circular markers for “I C E V s” (internal combustion engine vehicles), “E V s” (electric vehicles), and “S H E V s” (series hybrid electric vehicles). In the left panel, several E V points labeled (6, 14, 13, 10, 1, 14) cluster near emissions of 12–16 tons with costs between about 10500 and 12500, while S H E V s points labeled (7, 3, 9, 8, 12, 5) appear around 14–70 tons and 11000–15000 cost, and I C E V s points occupy higher-emission, lower-cost positions at roughly 68–76 tons with costs near 5800 for design “15” and 8600 for design 2. The curve slopes down from about (12, 10000) to (67, 4900). In the right panel, the distribution shifts: E V s points labeled (5, 9, 13, 1) still appear at low emissions around 12–15 tons but with costs mainly between 9000 and 12000; S H E V s points labeled (12, 3, 10, 14, 4) lie at intermediate emissions of 10–51 tons with costs around 10300–14300; and I C E V s points labeled (7, 6, 8, 15, 2) span emissions of 50–75 tons at costs between roughly 6000 and 8500. The new frontier curve passes through lower-cost points, starting near (12, 8600) and dropping to about (57, 5000). Note: All the numerical data values are approximated.Plots of evaluation metrics for each layout generated during run 1 (left) and 2 (right). Green line marks the estimated Pareto-Optimality front