Figure 1.
A line graph shows public procurement as a percentage of gross domestic product from 2012 to 2022, with an initial decline followed by a sharp rise peaking around 2020.The line graph plots public procurement as a percentage of gross domestic product from 2012 to 2022. The horizontal axis represents years, while the vertical axis measures the percentage share. From 2012 to 2016, procurement gradually decreased from about 13.9 to 13.4 percent. After 2016, it steadily increased, reaching its highest point near 14.9 percent in 2020 and 2021 before slightly falling in 2022. A dotted trend line indicates an overall upward trend across the decade.

Estimate of total government expenditures in the EU (excluding utilities and some concessions) as % of GDP

Source(s): Figure courtesy of data from European Commission (2016a, 2016b, 2019, 2021, 2023, 2024); adapted by the author

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