Figure 3
The figure shows a wide, horizontally oriented roadmap diagram structured across time and thematic layers. Along the top, a horizontal timeline is divided into four labeled periods from left to right labeled as follows: “2023 to 2025”, “2026 to 2030”, “2031 to 2040”, and “2041 to 2050”. On the far left, four vertical category labels are arranged from top to bottom as “Policy”, “Market”, “X a a S”, and “Technology”. In the “Policy” row under “2023 to 2025”, four text boxes are shown labeled “Paris Agreement”, “Promoting the restart of nuclear power plants”, “Renewable Energy Trading Policy”, and “Emission Trading Scheme (E T S)”. In the “2026 to 2030” period, the policy layer shows the text boxes labeled as follows: “Energy Strategies Plan to 2030”, “Society 5.0”, “I C A O Mandate: 10 percent S A F Utilization in Aircraft”, and “Limiting household C O 2 emissions”. In the “2031 to 2040” column, policy boxes read “Consumer Carbon Trading Support Policy”, “Household carbon tax”, and “R E 100”. A text box labeled “Smart City or Super city” is positioned between “2026 to 2030” and the “2031 to 2040” column. In the “2041 to 2050” column, the policy layer shows text boxes labeled “Net zero G H G emissions by 2050”, “I C A O Carbon Neutralization”, “Carbon credit liberalization”, and “Carbon-Free Energy Source”. Under the “Market” row, in “2023 to 2025”, boxes read “V R or A R or M R or X R”, “Biodiversity or Regeneration”, “Metaverse”, “Super Apps”, and “Crypto commerce or N F T”, and in “2026 to 2030”, the text box reads “Sustainable or Eco-Conscious Consumption”. The “X a a S” row shows text boxes labeled “Carbon Data-a a S” and “Digital Carbon Footprint-a a S” in “2023 to 2025”. Moving into “2026 to 2030”, the text boxes are labeled “Consultancy-a a S”, “Emissions Monitoring-a a S”, “Carbon Analytics-a a S”, “Financial-a a S”, “I T-a a S”, and “Payment-a a S”. In the “2031 to 2040” column, the text boxes are labeled “Carbon Credit Trading-a a S”, “Carbon Farming-a a S”, and “Smart Contracts-a a S”, and the “Carbon Credit Trading-a a S” box extends from “2031 to 2040” to “2041 to 2050”. The bottom row is labeled “Technology” and displays a text box labeled “Carbon Capture and Storage (C C S)” extending across the timeline, followed by text boxes labeled “Blockchain”, “Emissions Data System”, and “V 2 G” in “2023 to 2025”. The text box labeled “Secure Transaction Platform” extends from “2023 to 2025” to “2031 to 2040”, and the text box labeled “Carbon Emissions Measurement and Data System” extends from “2023 to 2025” to “2026 to 2030”. In the “2026 to 2030” column, the text boxes show “Carbon Price Prediction” and “Carbon Price Dynamics”. In “2031 to 2040”, a text box reads “Carbon measure devices”. A text box labeled “Microgrid” extends from “2026 to 2030” to “2041 to 2050”. Several upward arrows connect technology elements to the “X a a S” layer.Stage IV carbon credit trading-as-a-service roadmap. Source: Authors’ own work