Figure 1.
Research model Refer to the image caption for details.This flowchart illustrates a conceptual framework with six key elements: Emoticons, Product presentation pictures, Disclosure, Reciprocity, Information quality, and Verbal statement of affection. Each element is represented by an oval, with arrows indicating relationships and interactions, labelled with hypotheses such as H1 to H10. Connections include direct arrows from Emoticons to Disclosure and H2, as well as Product presentation pictures to both Disclosure and Reciprocity through Information quality. The flowchart visually depicts the proposed relationships and pathways, guiding the reader through the interactions of these components.

Research model

Source: Authors’ own work

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