Figure 1
The diagram shows a large dark oval at the center labeled “Education for Sustainable Community Development”. This central oval is connected to multiple influencing conditions, interactions, and outcomes. On the left side, three text boxes represent inputs to the central concept. At the upper left, a rounded box labeled “Resistance to change” is shown. A diagonal downward arrow labeled “causal conditions” points from this box to the central oval. Beneath this heading, bullet points are arranged vertically from top to bottom as follows: “attitudes toward change”, “long-term residency”, “good land”, “need for experiences outside the community to see the differences”, “getting to know a pathway to change and taking action”, and “importance of coming back”. Below this, at the lower left, a rounded box labeled “Community” is positioned. A diagonal upward arrow labeled “intervening conditions” connects this box to the central oval. The accompanying bullet points are arranged vertically from top to bottom as follows: “1,750 residents”, “Nong Bua village”, “economic, social, and environmental resources”, “nature (mountain, seaside)”, “culture (festivals, community events)”, “educational institutions (school)”, and “Western Thailand”. Above the central oval, near the top center, a small, rounded box labeled “Inequality” is shown. A diagonal downward arrow labeled “context” connects this box to “Education for Sustainable Community Development”. Bullet points under “Inequality” are arranged vertically from top to bottom as follows: “geographic (sea advantage, mountain disadvantage)”, “educational (school dropouts)”, “cultural (participation in the community)”, “social (social networks, resources)”, and “economic (income differences, labor or tourism jobs)”. On the right side, a large light-colored circular area contains two stacked elements. At the upper right, a rounded box labeled “Strategies” lists forms of engagement such as “formal schooling”, “informal activities (volunteering, donations)”, and “non-formal projects”. Below it, within the same circular area, a rounded box labeled “Participation” includes actions such as “taking care” and “taking action”. An arrow labeled “actions and interactions” extends from the central oval to this right-side circular area. From “Participation”, a downward arrow leads to a rounded box labeled “Mindset”, positioned at the lower right. This connection represents outcomes labeled “consequences”, shown with a dotted arrow from the central oval toward the “Mindset” box. Bullet points under “Mindset” include “awareness about sustainability”, “sustainable ways of living in the community”, “anchor (ethical principles) providing a sense of stability”, “taking care of the homeland, local resources, and each other”, and “sense of belonging”.Grounded theory coding paradigm of the role of education in sustainable community development. Source: Developed by the authors based on Grounded Theory analysis of field data (2024), following the coding paradigm described by Strübing (2021, p. 27)