Figure. Refer to the image caption for details.In the upper row, on the left, a square box titled “Optimization of N M B C Using R S M” contains a three-dimensional cube plot. The plot is labeled at the corners and center with coordinates like “(positive 1, positive 1, 0),” “(negative 1, negative 1, positive 1),” and the origin “(0, 0, 0)” marked in red. Purple stars and green dots highlight specific parameter sets on the axes. In the central and largest rectangle, labeled “Development of Nano micro blended concrete (N M B C),” five images are aligned horizontally at the top, depicting various materials: white powder, brown powder, off-white powder, yellowish sand, and coarse gray aggregate. Below the material images, labeled brackets converge arrows into the next row, where a schematic diagram shows “Water” and “Superplasticizer” combining in a beaker with a black arrow pointing right. This flows into a color photograph of a blue concrete mixer with an open drum, and a black arrow leads further to the right toward a photo of a gray cubic specimen. On the right, a tall rectangle titled “Compressive strength testing of N M B C” displays a photo of a compression testing machine with a gray cube sample placed between metal platens. In the lower row, on the left side, there is a rectangular section labeled “Prediction and Feature importance using Machine learning.” Inside this section, there are three different visual plots. The far left plot is a vertical scatter plot showing “S H A P value impact on model output” for parameters labeled “N S,” “M K,” “Cement,” “S P,” “Water,” “C A,” and “F A.” In the middle, a polygonal radar chart maps several metrics (“R M S E,” “M A E,” “R 2,” “R S E,” “P I,” “A 20-index,” “S I”) for performance, and axis labels for “C S, 7 D” and “C S, 28 D” are visible. On the far right, a colored heatmap matrix is present showing comparative results with upper and lower color scales, and metric or correlation values inside each cell. Below these plots, the text reads: “Machine learning models: CatBoost, X G Boost, Ridge regression, Gradient Boost. Best Model: CatBoost” in bold red font. The right rectangle contains two plots: on the left, a contour plot labeled “COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH-28TH DAY (Mega Pascals)” with a color gradient and axis labeled “A: N S” and “B: M K.” On the right, a 3 D surface plot with axes “B: M K,” “A: N S,” and “COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH-28TH DAY (Mega Pascals)” is included. At the bottom, red text reads “Optimized mix 2 percent N S and 12.5 percent M K.” The diagram labeled “Optimization of N M B C Using R S M” leads rightward to the diagram labeled “Development of Nano micro blended concrete (N M B C).” The diagram labeled “Development of Nano micro blended concrete (N M B C)” leads rightward to a diagram labeled “Compressive strength testing of N M B C.” Further, the diagram labeled “Compressive strength testing of N M B C” leads downward to a diagram labeled “Validation using RSM.” The “Validation using RSM” leads leftward to a diagram labeled “Prediction and feature importance using machine learning.”

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