Figure 1
The figure shows 6 circular nodes connected by directional arrows. On the top left, a circle labeled “Stakeholder Theory” is positioned, with a downward arrow extending toward the center and pointing to a circle labeled “Firm-Specific Factors”. At the top center, another circle labeled “Resource-Based Theory (R B T)” is shown, with a downward arrow pointing toward “Firm-Specific Factors” from the former. From “Firm-Specific Factors”, a downward arrow extends to another circle located on the lower left, labeled “Financial Sustainability”. A circle labeled “Triple Bottom Line (T B L)” is positioned below and slightly to the right of “Firm-Specific Factors”. An arrow points downward from the former toward “Financial Sustainability”. A circle labeled “Quadruple Bottom Line (Q B L)” is present below and slightly to the right of “Triple Bottom Line (T B L)”. An arrow also points from the former toward “Financial Sustainability”.Theoretical framework for financial sustainability in Islamic and conventional banks. Source: Author’s own work