Figure 1.
The process begins with identification, where the initial search retrieves records from Scopus databases totalling n equals 534. During this stage, n equals 336 records are removed based on criteria including duplicates, non English documents, retracted publications, books, and irrelevant sources. Screening then proceeds with a first screening by title, resulting in n equals 198 records, after which n equals 105 papers without explicit mention of A I integration in higher education in engineering are removed. A second screening by abstract retains n equals 93 records, and n equals 8 records are removed due to lacking detailed analysis, methodology, or supporting evidence. The process concludes with n equals 85 records selected for final analysis.SLR Refinement process following PRISMA guideline
Source: Authors’ own work; adapted from Moher et al. (2015)