Figure 1
The radar chart shows the title “Cognitive Student Engagement” at the top and compares two plotted lines identified in the legend as “Text-based robot” and “Voice-based robot”. The chart contains eight labeled axes arranged radially, with nine concentric octagonal rings numbered from the center outward as ring 1 through ring 9. The axis labels appear clockwise starting from the top as “Information processing”, “Immediate feedback”, “Independent studying”, “Concentration”, “Comprehension of topics”, “Memorization”, “Time efficiency”, and “Reinforcement in the learning process”. The data plotted on the radial axes is shown as follows: Information processing: Text-based robot: At Ring 6 and the voice-based robot: At Ring 7. Immediate feedback: Text-based robot: At Ring 7 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 7 and Ring 8. Independent studying: Text-based robot: At Ring 6 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 6 and Ring 7. Concentration: Text-based robot: At Ring 3 and the voice-based robot: At Ring 7. Comprehension of topics: Text-based robot: Between Ring 7 and 8 and the voice-based robot: At Ring 8. Memorization: Text-based robot: At Ring 6 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 7 and Ring 8. Time efficiency: Text-based robot: At Ring 8 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 7 and Ring 8. Reinforcement in the learning process: Text-based robot: At Ring 7 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 7 and Ring 8.Cognitive student engagement radar. Source: Created by authors