Figure 3
The radar chart shows the title “Behavioral Student Engagement” at the top and compares two plotted lines identified in the legend as “Text-based robot” and “Voice-based robot”. The chart contains eight labeled axes arranged radially, with eight concentric octagonal rings numbered from the center outward as ring 1 through ring 8. The axis labels appear clockwise starting from the top as “Self-managed learning”, “Task completion”, “Achievement of learning objectives”, “Improvement in classroom participation”, “Dynamic interactions”, “Individual support”, “Paced learning”, and “Stimulated attention”. The data plotted on the radial axes is shown as follows: Self-managed learning: Text-based robot: At Ring 3 and the voice-based robot: At Ring 5. Task completion: Text-based robot: Between Ring 5 and 6 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 5 and 6. Achievement of learning objectives: Text-based robot: Between Ring 6 and 7 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 6 and 7. Improvement in classroom participation: Text-based robot: At Ring 5 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 6 and 7. Dynamic interactions: Text-based robot: At Ring 5 and the voice-based robot: At Ring 6. Individual support: Text-based robot: Between Ring 3 and 4 and the voice-based robot: At Ring 5. Paced learning: Text-based robot: Between Ring 6 and 7 and the voice-based robot: At Ring 7. Stimulated attention: Text-based robot: Between Ring 5 and 6 and the voice-based robot: Between Ring 6 and 7.Behavioral engagement radar. Source: Created by authors