Figure 1
The conceptual framework diagram is arranged concentrically from the center outward with a rightward outcome arrow. At the center, a hexagon is labeled “SOCIAL CAPITAL”. Surrounding the center are six hexagons arranged clockwise, starting at the top and labeled “Relational”, “Cognitive”, “Linking”, “Bridging”, “Bonding”, and “Structural”. Encircling these hexagons is an inner circular ring containing four process labels written along the ring in clockwise order: “internalization”, “socialization”, “externalization”, and “combination”. An outer circular ring surrounds this layer, containing five process labels written along the ring in clockwise order: “awareness”, “persuasion”, “decision”, “implementation”, and “confirmation”. On the left side of the diagram, two horizontal labels point inward toward the circular structure and read “Knowledge creation” at the upper left for the inner circular ring and “Knowledge diffusion” below it for the outer circular ring. On the right side, a large right-pointing arrow leads from the circular framework to a rectangular box labeled “SUSTAINABLE EDUCATIONAL CHANGE”.Visualization of the KINoS framework, illustrating social capital as the key enabler of knowledge creation and diffusion, thereby driving sustainable educational change. Source: Authors’ own work