Figure 2.
The radial framework shows a central shape containing the text Engineering of Industry 4.0 pathways. Surrounding the centre is an inner ring with four segments labelled Inclusion of societal demands, Transformation of supply chains into manufacturing ecosystems, Data governance and monetisation, and New business models. An outer ring surrounds the inner ring with nine segments labelled Cyber physical systems, The Internet of Things I O T, Machine to machine, Big data analysis, Cloud computing, Cybersecurity, Simulation based approaches, Advanced automation and robotics, and Additive manufacturing. All segments form a continuous circular structure around the central text, indicating multiple technological pillars and system level transformations around engineering pathways.Nine technological pillars of Industry 4.0 and summary of propositions