Figure 1
The path diagram presents a structural framework arranged from left to right using circular nodes and rectangular indicators connected by arrows. On the left side, a circle labeled “H R M” is shown and is connected to five vertically arranged rectangles on its left labeled from top to bottom as “H R M 1”, “H R M 2”, “H R M 3”, “H R M 4”, and “H R M 5”, each linked with leftward arrows labeled “0.791”, “0.791”, “0.865”, “0.845”, and “0.859”, respectively. Below “H R M”, another circle labeled “J C” is present and is connected to two vertically arranged rectangles on its left labeled “J C 1” and “J C 2”, with leftward arrows labeled “0.922” and “0.918”. From “H R M”, a solid rightward arrow labeled “0.264” points to a circle positioned near the top center labeled “P O”, which contains the value “0.529”. The circle “P O” is connected upward to three horizontally arranged rectangles labeled from left to right as “P O 1”, “P O 2”, and “P O 3”, with upward arrows labeled “0.887”, “0.937”, and “0.930”. From “H R M”, another solid diagonal rightward arrow labeled “0.215” points downward to a circle positioned at the bottom center labeled “O C B”, which contains the value “0.444”. From “J C”, a solid diagonal rightward arrow labeled “0.513” also points to “O C B”, and another solid diagonal rightward arrow labeled “0.535” points to “P O”. The circle “O C B” is connected downward to three horizontally arranged rectangles labeled from left to right as “O C B 1”, “O C B 2”, and “O C B 3”, with downward arrows labeled “0.868”, “0.893”, and “0.878”. On the right side, a circle labeled “E E” is present and contains the value “0.540”. From “P O”, a solid rightward arrow labeled “0.268” points to “E E”. From “O C B”, a solid diagonal upward rightward arrow labeled “0.366” points to “E E”. From “H R M”, a solid rightward arrow labeled “0.011” points to “E E”, and from “J C”, a solid rightward arrow labeled “0.213” points to “E E”. The circle “E E” is connected to three vertically arranged rectangles on its right labeled from top to bottom as “E E 1”, “E E 2”, and “E E 3”, with rightward arrows labeled “0.848”, “0.861”, and “0.869”.Structural model. Notes: HRM = Human resource management. JC = Job crafting. PO = Psychological ownership. OCB = Organizational citizenship behavior. EE = Employee engagement. Source: Authors’ own illustration